name.individual of society

description::
· name of an-individual-society

name::
* McsEngl.society'att054-individual-name,
* McsEngl.society'name.individual,

organization (link) of society

human of Sochumnview

description::
· any human related with a-society.

">member vs citizen of society:
Here's the breakdown between member and citizen of society:
**Member of Society:**
* A broader term. Anyone who participates in a community or social group can be considered a member.
* Doesn't have specific legal ties. You can be a member of a club, a sports team, or even an online forum.
* Focuses on involvement and contribution. Being a good member means following the group's norms and contributing positively.
**Citizen:**
* A specific legal status within a country. Citizens have certain rights and responsibilities defined by law.
* Rights include voting, holding office, and government protection.
* Responsibilities include paying taxes, obeying laws, and participating in civic duties (like jury duty).
**The Connection:**
* Often, being a citizen is a type of membership in a larger society.
* Citizenship grants a specific level of participation and influence within that society.
* However, you can be a member of society without being a citizen. For example, permanent residents or undocumented immigrants contribute to society but might not have full citizenship rights.
**In short:**
* **Member:** Anyone who participates in a social group.
* **Citizen:** A legal member of a country with specific rights and responsibilities."
[{2024-03-12 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/aa918eccc9307687]

name::
* McsEngl.Sochumn!=individual-of-society,
* McsEngl.human//society!⇒Sochumn,
* McsEngl.individual//society!⇒Sochumn,
* McsEngl.society'att064-human!⇒Sochumn,
* McsEngl.society'human!⇒Sochumn,
* McsEngl.society'individual!⇒Sochumn,
* McsEngl.society'Sochumnview/Sochumn!⇒Sochumn,

sociality-relation of Sochumnview

description::
· the-relations of the-citizens of a-society.

name::
* McsEngl.relation.sociality-of-society,
* McsEngl.sociality-relation--of-society,
* McsEngl.society'sociality,
* McsEngl.society'att002-sociality,
* McsEngl.society'sociality-att002,

socialitation-system of Sochumnview

description::
· a-human-socialitation (system of humans for a-goal) part of a-human-society.

name::
* McsEngl.socialitation-system--of-society,
* McsEngl.society'att025-socialitation,
* McsEngl.society'socialitation,
* McsEngl.stnHmn'societal,
* McsEngl.system.socialitation-of-society,

language of Sochumnview

description::
· without a-language, there is no society.

name::
* McsEngl.society'att009-language,
* McsEngl.society'language,
* McsEngl.society'language,

communication-media of Sochumnview

description::
"Media is the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data.[1][2] The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), digital media, and advertising.[3]"
[{2021-02-24} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)]

name::
* McsEngl.communication-media//society,
* McsEngl.society'att046-communication-media,
* McsEngl.society'communication-media,

religion of Sochumnview

description::
"religion overview:
Religion is a complex and multifaceted human phenomenon that encompasses a wide range of beliefs, practices, and traditions. It plays a significant role in the lives of billions of people worldwide and has had a profound influence on human history, culture, ethics, and society. Here is a broad overview of religion:

1. Definition: Religion is a system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and moral values that often revolves around the worship of one or more deities, spirits, or a higher power. It provides a framework for understanding the nature of existence, the purpose of life, and the human relationship with the divine or spiritual realm.

2. Types of Religions: There are various types of religions, including:
- **Monotheistic Religions:** These religions believe in the existence of a single, all-powerful God. Examples include Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
- **Polytheistic Religions:** These religions worship multiple deities or gods, each associated with different aspects of life or nature. Examples include Hinduism and ancient Greek and Roman religions.
- **Pantheistic and Animistic Religions:** Some belief systems see divinity in everything (pantheism), while others attribute spirits to natural objects or phenomena (animism).
- **Non-Theistic and Atheistic Beliefs:** Some philosophical and religious systems, like Buddhism and certain forms of Confucianism, do not emphasize a personal deity. Atheism, as mentioned earlier, is the absence of belief in any gods.

3. Religious Texts: Many religions have sacred texts, scriptures, or holy books that contain teachings, stories, and guidelines for adherents. Examples include the Bible in Christianity, the Quran in Islam, the Bhagavad Gita in Hinduism, and the Tao Te Ching in Taoism.

4. Worship and Rituals: Religions often involve rituals, ceremonies, and acts of worship, which can include prayer, meditation, festivals, and pilgrimages. These rituals vary widely between different religious traditions.

5. Morality and Ethics: Religion frequently provides a moral and ethical framework that guides the behavior and decision-making of its followers. It can define what is right and wrong and often includes principles for living a virtuous life.

6. Religious Institutions: Religions are often organized into institutions, such as churches, mosques, temples, and monasteries, which serve as places of worship and community for believers. Clergy or religious leaders are responsible for guiding their congregations.

7. Influence on Society: Religion has played a significant role in shaping cultures, art, law, politics, and social norms throughout history. It can provide a sense of identity, community, and purpose for individuals and societies.

8. Interfaith Relations: In a globalized world, there is a growing awareness of and interaction between different religious traditions, leading to interfaith dialogue, cooperation, and sometimes conflict.

9. Diversity and Belief Systems: There is a vast diversity of belief systems, and even within a single religion, there can be different sects or denominations with varying interpretations and practices.

10. Secularism: In some societies, there is a trend toward secularism, where religion is separated from political and public life, and an emphasis is placed on the separation of church and state.

Religion is a deeply personal and complex aspect of human culture and spirituality, and it continues to be a subject of study, debate, and reflection in the modern world. It can be a source of inspiration, guidance, and comfort for many, while also being a source of controversy and division in some cases."
[{2023-10-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/4a04509b-fc51-4426-981b-17a07acdb69a]

name::
* McsEngl.religion//culture//society,
* McsEngl.society'att040-religion,
* McsEngl.society'religion,
* McsEngl.society'culture/religion,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.θρησκεία-κοινωνίας!η!=religion,

literacy of Sochumnview

description::
"Literacy is popularly understood as an ability to read and write in at least one method of writing, an understanding reflected by mainstream dictionaries."
[{2021-02-23} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy]

name::
* McsEngl.literacy//society,
* McsEngl.society'att042-literacy,
* McsEngl.society'literacy,

power of Sochumnview

description::
">what is social-power?
Social power is the ability of an individual or group to influence the thoughts, feelings, or actions of others within a social context. It can be exercised through various means, such as reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power.
* **Reward power** is the ability to provide rewards, such as money, status, or approval, to influence others. For example, a boss may use reward power to get their employees to work harder.
* **Coercive power** is the ability to punish others, such as by firing them or giving them a bad reference, to influence them. For example, a parent may use coercive power to get their child to clean their room.
* **Legitimate power** is the power that comes from a position of authority. For example, a police officer has legitimate power to give someone a ticket.
* **Referent power** is the power that comes from being admired or respected by others. For example, a celebrity may have referent power to influence people's fashion choices.
* **Expert power** is the power that comes from having specialized knowledge or skills. For example, a doctor may have expert power to influence a patient's treatment decisions.
Social power can be a positive or negative force. When used responsibly, it can help to achieve goals and make positive changes. However, when used irresponsibly, it can lead to abuse, exploitation, and conflict.
There are several different theories about how social power works. One of the most influential theories is the five-factor theory of social power, which was developed by John French and Bertram Raven in 1959. This theory identifies five bases of social power: reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power.
Another important theory of social power is the social exchange theory, which was developed by George Homans in 1958. This theory suggests that social power is based on the exchange of resources between people. For example, a person with reward power has something that others want, such as money or status. In exchange for these resources, the person with reward power can influence the behavior of others.
Social power is a complex and fascinating topic that has been studied by sociologists, psychologists, and political scientists for many years. It is a crucial concept for understanding how people interact with each other and how social structures are maintained."
[{2024-01-16 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/a75bd18fc1507fc3]

name::
* McsEngl.power-in-society,
* McsEngl.social-power,
* McsEngl.society'att068-power,
* McsEngl.society'power,

culture of Sochumnview

description::
* language,
* codes of conduct,
* worldview,
* customs,
* habits,
* religion,
* arts,
* dress,
* food,
* holiday,

"Culture (/ˈkʌltʃər/) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.[1]
Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.
A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a monoculture in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change.[2] Thus in military culture, valor is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group."
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture]

· stxZhon: 美国 文化 跟 中国 文化 不 一样。 :: _stxSbj:[Měiguó wénhuà (gēn) Zhōngguó wénhuà] _stxVrb:{bù} _stxSbjc:[yīyàng]. != American culture and Chinese culture are not the same.

name::
* McsEngl.Sochumnview/culture,
* McsEngl.culture//Sochumnview,
* McsEngl.society'att053-culture,
* McsEngl.society'culture,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.wénhuà-文化!=culture,
* McsZhon.文化-wénhuà!=culture,

descriptionLong::
">culture definition:
Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that has been defined in many different ways by anthropologists, sociologists, and other scholars. However, there are some common themes that emerge from these various definitions.

**Broadly speaking, culture can be defined as the shared knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and traditions of a group of people.** This shared knowledge and understanding allows members of a group to communicate effectively with each other, cooperate in achieving common goals, and make sense of the world around them.
**Culture is also dynamic and constantly evolving.** As societies change, their cultures adapt to reflect these new realities. This can be seen in the way that new technologies, social movements, and political ideologies can shape a culture.
**Culture is also learned.** Individuals are not born with a culture; they learn it from their parents, peers, and other members of their society. This learning process takes place through a variety of means, including socialization, education, and observation.

**Here are some of the key elements of culture:**
* **Values:** Values are the principles that guide people's behavior. They are often expressed in proverbs, sayings, and stories.
* **Beliefs:** Beliefs are the ideas that people hold about the world. They can be about religion, politics, or any other aspect of life.
* **Norms:** Norms are the rules that govern people's behavior. They can be formal, such as laws, or informal, such as customs.
* **Customs:** Customs are the traditional ways of doing things in a particular society. They can be related to anything from how people eat to how they celebrate holidays.
* **Symbols:** Symbols are objects or actions that have a special meaning for a particular society. They can be anything from flags to religious icons.
* **Arts:** The arts are the creative expressions of a particular society. They can include painting, sculpture, music, dance, and literature.

Culture is an important part of what makes us human. It gives us a sense of identity, belonging, and purpose. It also helps us to understand and interact with the world around us."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/e7eea9056c8bb363?hl=en&pli=1]

place of society

description::
· a-place associated with a-society.

name::
* McsEngl.Socplace!=place-of-society,
* McsEngl.geography-of-society!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.place-of-society!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.society'geography!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.society'place!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.society'att018-place!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.society'space!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.space-of-society!⇒Socplace,
* McsEngl.territory-of-society!⇒Socplace,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.χώρος-κοινωνίας!ο!=Socplace,

world-heritage-site of Socnode

description::
"A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the UNESCO. World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other forms of significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".[1]
To be selected, a World Heritage Site is nominated by their host country and determined by the international committee to be a unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable and having a special cultural or physical significance. For example, World Heritage Sites might be ancient ruins or historical structures, buildings, cities,[a] deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains or wilderness areas.[4][5]
A World Heritage Site may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity, and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet or it might be a place of great natural beauty.[6] As of April 2024, a total of 1,199 World Heritage Sites (933 cultural, 227 natural and 39 mixed cultural and natural properties) exist across 168 countries. With 59 selected areas, Italy is the country with the most sites; followed by China with 57, then France and Germany with 52 each.[7]
The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones.[1] The World Heritage Sites list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by the United Nations General Assembly, and advised by reviews of international panels of experts in natural or cultural history, and education.[8]
The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity. The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,[9] which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 195 states have ratified the convention,[10] making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme.[11] To be considered, the properties must be under some form of state protection or conservation and be nominated by the host member country."
[{2024-04-26 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site]

name::
* McsEngl.Socwheritage!=world-heritage-site,
* McsEngl.society'att070-world-heritage-site!⇒Socwheritage,
* McsEngl.society'world-heritage-site!⇒Socwheritage,
* McsEngl.world-heritage-site!⇒Socwheritage,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μνημείο-παγκόσμιας-κληρονομιάς!το!=Socwheritage,

fairness of Sochumnview

description::
"impartial and just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination."
[{2021-07-05 retrieved} Google-dic]

name::
* McsEngl.society'att059-fairness,
* McsEngl.society'fairness,

inclusiveness of Sochumnview

description::
· not excluding any of its members.
· everyone has the opportunity to reach their full potential.

name::
* McsEngl.society'att060-inclusiveness,
* McsEngl.society'inclusiveness,

flag of Sochumnview

description::
"A national flag is a flag that represents and symbolizes a given nation. It is flown by the government of that nation, but usually can also be flown by its citizens. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colours and symbols, which may also be used separately from the flag as a symbol of the nation. The design of a national flag is sometimes altered after the occurrence of important historical events. The burning or destruction of a national flag is a greatly symbolic act."
[{2020-11-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flag]

· stxZhon: _stxVrb:{看} _stxObj:[[中国][国旗]]! Kàn zhςng guó guóqν! != {look at} [Chinese flag]

name::
* McsEngl.flag-of-society!⇒flagSociety,
* McsEngl.flagSociety,
* McsEngl.society'att024-flag!⇒flagSociety,
* McsEngl.society'flag!⇒flagSociety,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guóqν-国旗!=flagSociety,
* McsZhon.国旗-guóqν!=flagSociety,

addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_flags,
* https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/,
* https://alanedwardes.com/blog/posts/country-code-to-flag-emoji-csharp/,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagAfghanistan--🇦🇫--🇦🇫,
* McsEngl.flagAlbania--🇦🇱--🇦🇱,
* McsEngl.flagAlgeria--🇩🇿--🇩🇿,
* McsEngl.flagAmerican-Samoa--🇦🇸--🇦🇸,
* McsEngl.flagAndorra--🇦🇩--🇦🇩,
* McsEngl.flagAngola--🇦🇴--🇦🇴,
* McsEngl.flagAnguilla--🇦🇮--🇦🇮,
* McsEngl.flagAntarctica--🇦🇶--🇦🇶,
* McsEngl.flagAntigua-and-Barbuda--🇦🇬--🇦🇬,
* McsEngl.flagArgentina--🇦🇷--🇦🇷,
* McsEngl.flagArmenia--🇦🇲--🇦🇲,
* McsEngl.flagAruba--🇦🇼--🇦🇼,
* McsEngl.flagAscension-Island--🇦🇨--🇦🇨,
* McsEngl.flagAustralia--🇦🇺--🇦🇺,
* McsEngl.flagAustria--🇦🇹--🇦🇹,
* McsEngl.flagAzerbaijan--🇦🇿--🇦🇿,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagBahamas--🇧🇸--🇧🇸,
* McsEngl.flagBahrain--🇧🇭--🇧🇭,
* McsEngl.flagBangladesh--🇧🇩--🇧🇩,
* McsEngl.flagBarbados--🇧🇧--🇧🇧,
* McsEngl.flagBelarus--🇧🇾--🇧🇾,
* McsEngl.flagBelgium--🇧🇪--🇧🇪,
* McsEngl.flagBelize--🇧🇿--🇧🇿,
* McsEngl.flagBenin--🇧🇯--🇧🇯,
* McsEngl.flagBermuda--🇧🇲--🇧🇲,
* McsEngl.flagBhutan--🇧🇹--🇧🇹,
* McsEngl.flagBolivia--🇧🇴--🇧🇴,
* McsEngl.flagBosnia-and-Herzegovina--🇧🇦--🇧🇦,
* McsEngl.flagBotswana--🇧🇼--🇧🇼,
* McsEngl.flagBouvet-Island--🇧🇻--🇧🇻,
* McsEngl.flagBrazil--🇧🇷--🇧🇷,
* McsEngl.flagBritish-Indian-Ocean-Territory--🇮🇴--🇮🇴,
* McsEngl.flagBritish-Virgin-Islands--🇻🇬--🇻🇬,
* McsEngl.flagBrunei--🇧🇳--🇧🇳,
* McsEngl.flagBulgaria--🇧🇬--🇧🇬,
* McsEngl.flagBurkina-Faso--🇧🇫--🇧🇫,
* McsEngl.flagBurundi--🇧🇮--🇧🇮,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagCambodia--🇰🇭--🇰🇭,
* McsEngl.flagCameroon--🇨🇲--🇨🇲,
* McsEngl.flagCanada--🇨🇦--🇨🇦,
* McsEngl.flagCanary-Islands--🇮🇨--🇮🇨,
* McsEngl.flagCape-Verde--🇨🇻--🇨🇻,
* McsEngl.flagCaribbean-Netherlands--🇧🇶--🇧🇶,
* McsEngl.flagCayman-Islands--🇰🇾--🇰🇾,
* McsEngl.flagCentral-African-Republic--🇨🇫--🇨🇫,
* McsEngl.flagCeuta-and-Melilla--🇪🇦--🇪🇦,
* McsEngl.flagChad--🇹🇩--🇹🇩,
* McsEngl.flagChile--🇨🇱--🇨🇱,
* McsEngl.flagChina--🇨🇳--🇨🇳,
* McsEngl.flagChristmas-Island--🇨🇽--🇨🇽,
* McsEngl.flagClipperton-Island--🇨🇵--🇨🇵,
* McsEngl.flagCocos-(Keeling)-Islands--🇨🇨--🇨🇨,
* McsEngl.flagColombia--🇨🇴--🇨🇴,
* McsEngl.flagComoros--🇰🇲--🇰🇲,
* McsEngl.flagCongo---Brazzaville--🇨🇬--🇨🇬,
* McsEngl.flagCongo---Kinshasa--🇨🇩--🇨🇩,
* McsEngl.flagCook-Islands--🇨🇰--🇨🇰,
* McsEngl.flagCosta-Rica--🇨🇷--🇨🇷,
* McsEngl.flagCroatia--🇭🇷--🇭🇷,
* McsEngl.flagCuba--🇨🇺--🇨🇺,
* McsEngl.flagCuraηao--🇨🇼--🇨🇼,
* McsEngl.flagCyprus--🇨🇾--🇨🇾,
* McsEngl.flagCzechia--🇨🇿--🇨🇿,
* McsEngl.flagCτte-d’Ivoire--🇨🇮--🇨🇮,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagDenmark--🇩🇰--🇩🇰,
* McsEngl.flagDiego-Garcia--🇩🇬--🇩🇬,
* McsEngl.flagDjibouti--🇩🇯--🇩🇯,
* McsEngl.flagDominica--🇩🇲--🇩🇲,
* McsEngl.flagDominican-Republic--🇩🇴--🇩🇴,
* McsEngl.flagEcuador--🇪🇨--🇪🇨,
* McsEngl.flagEgypt--🇪🇬--🇪🇬,
* McsEngl.flagEl-Salvador--🇸🇻--🇸🇻,
* McsEngl.flagEquatorial-Guinea--🇬🇶--🇬🇶,
* McsEngl.flagEritrea--🇪🇷--🇪🇷,
* McsEngl.flagEstonia--🇪🇪--🇪🇪,
* McsEngl.flagEswatini--🇸🇿--🇸🇿,
* McsEngl.flagEthiopia--🇪🇹--🇪🇹,
* McsEngl.flagEuropean-Union--🇪🇺--🇪🇺,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagFalkland-Islands--🇫🇰--🇫🇰,
* McsEngl.flagFaroe-Islands--🇫🇴--🇫🇴,
* McsEngl.flagFiji--🇫🇯--🇫🇯,
* McsEngl.flagFinland--🇫🇮--🇫🇮,
* McsEngl.flagFrance--🇫🇷--🇫🇷,
* McsEngl.flagFrench-Guiana--🇬🇫--🇬🇫,
* McsEngl.flagFrench-Polynesia--🇵🇫--🇵🇫,
* McsEngl.flagFrench-Southern-Territories--🇹🇫--🇹🇫,
* McsEngl.flagGabon--🇬🇦--🇬🇦,
* McsEngl.flagGambia--🇬🇲--🇬🇲,
* McsEngl.flagGeorgia--🇬🇪--🇬🇪,
* McsEngl.flagGermany--🇩🇪--🇩🇪,
* McsEngl.flagGhana--🇬🇭--🇬🇭,
* McsEngl.flagGibraltar--🇬🇮--🇬🇮,
* McsEngl.flagGreece--🇬🇷--🇬🇷,
* McsEngl.flagGreenland--🇬🇱--🇬🇱,
* McsEngl.flagGrenada--🇬🇩--🇬🇩,
* McsEngl.flagGuadeloupe--🇬🇵--🇬🇵,
* McsEngl.flagGuam--🇬🇺--🇬🇺,
* McsEngl.flagGuatemala--🇬🇹--🇬🇹,
* McsEngl.flagGuernsey--🇬🇬--🇬🇬,
* McsEngl.flagGuinea--🇬🇳--🇬🇳,
* McsEngl.flagGuinea-Bissau--🇬🇼--🇬🇼,
* McsEngl.flagGuyana--🇬🇾--🇬🇾,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagHaiti--🇭🇹--🇭🇹,
* McsEngl.flagHeard-and-McDonald-Islands--🇭🇲--🇭🇲,
* McsEngl.flagHonduras--🇭🇳--🇭🇳,
* McsEngl.flagHong-Kong-SAR-China--🇭🇰--🇭🇰,
* McsEngl.flagHungary--🇭🇺--🇭🇺,
* McsEngl.flagIceland--🇮🇸--🇮🇸,
* McsEngl.flagIndia--🇮🇳--🇮🇳,
* McsEngl.flagIndonesia--🇮🇩--🇮🇩,
* McsEngl.flagIran--🇮🇷--🇮🇷,
* McsEngl.flagIraq--🇮🇶--🇮🇶,
* McsEngl.flagIreland--🇮🇪--🇮🇪,
* McsEngl.flagIsle-of-Man--🇮🇲--🇮🇲,
* McsEngl.flagIsrael--🇮🇱--🇮🇱,
* McsEngl.flagItaly--🇮🇹--🇮🇹,
* McsEngl.flagJamaica--🇯🇲--🇯🇲,
* McsEngl.flagJapan--🇯🇵--🇯🇵,
* McsEngl.flagJersey--🇯🇪--🇯🇪,
* McsEngl.flagJordan--🇯🇴--🇯🇴,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagKazakhstan--🇰🇿--🇰🇿,
* McsEngl.flagKenya--🇰🇪--🇰🇪,
* McsEngl.flagKiribati--🇰🇮--🇰🇮,
* McsEngl.flagKosovo--🇽🇰--🇽🇰,
* McsEngl.flagKuwait--🇰🇼--🇰🇼,
* McsEngl.flagKyrgyzstan--🇰🇬--🇰🇬,
* McsEngl.flagLaos--🇱🇦--🇱🇦,
* McsEngl.flagLatvia--🇱🇻--🇱🇻,
* McsEngl.flagLebanon--🇱🇧--🇱🇧,
* McsEngl.flagLesotho--🇱🇸--🇱🇸,
* McsEngl.flagLiberia--🇱🇷--🇱🇷,
* McsEngl.flagLibya--🇱🇾--🇱🇾,
* McsEngl.flagLiechtenstein--🇱🇮--🇱🇮,
* McsEngl.flagLithuania--🇱🇹--🇱🇹,
* McsEngl.flagLuxembourg--🇱🇺--🇱🇺,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagMacao-SAR-China--🇲🇴--🇲🇴,
* McsEngl.flagMadagascar--🇲🇬--🇲🇬,
* McsEngl.flagMalawi--🇲🇼--🇲🇼,
* McsEngl.flagMalaysia--🇲🇾--🇲🇾,
* McsEngl.flagMaldives--🇲🇻--🇲🇻,
* McsEngl.flagMali--🇲🇱--🇲🇱,
* McsEngl.flagMalta--🇲🇹--🇲🇹,
* McsEngl.flagMarshall-Islands--🇲🇭--🇲🇭,
* McsEngl.flagMartinique--🇲🇶--🇲🇶,
* McsEngl.flagMauritania--🇲🇷--🇲🇷,
* McsEngl.flagMauritius--🇲🇺--🇲🇺,
* McsEngl.flagMayotte--🇾🇹--🇾🇹,
* McsEngl.flagMexico--🇲🇽--🇲🇽,
* McsEngl.flagMicronesia--🇫🇲--🇫🇲,
* McsEngl.flagMoldova--🇲🇩--🇲🇩,
* McsEngl.flagMonaco--🇲🇨--🇲🇨,
* McsEngl.flagMongolia--🇲🇳--🇲🇳,
* McsEngl.flagMontenegro--🇲🇪--🇲🇪,
* McsEngl.flagMontserrat--🇲🇸--🇲🇸,
* McsEngl.flagMorocco--🇲🇦--🇲🇦,
* McsEngl.flagMozambique--🇲🇿--🇲🇿,
* McsEngl.flagMyanmar-(Burma)--🇲🇲)--🇲🇲,
* McsEngl.flagNamibia--🇳🇦--🇳🇦,
* McsEngl.flagNauru--🇳🇷--🇳🇷,
* McsEngl.flagNepal--🇳🇵--🇳🇵,
* McsEngl.flagNetherlands--🇳🇱--🇳🇱,
* McsEngl.flagNew-Caledonia--🇳🇨--🇳🇨,
* McsEngl.flagNew-Zealand--🇳🇿--🇳🇿,
* McsEngl.flagNicaragua--🇳🇮--🇳🇮,
* McsEngl.flagNiger--🇳🇪--🇳🇪,
* McsEngl.flagNigeria--🇳🇬--🇳🇬,
* McsEngl.flagNiue--🇳🇺--🇳🇺,
* McsEngl.flagNorfolk-Island--🇳🇫--🇳🇫,
* McsEngl.flagNorth-Korea--🇰🇵--🇰🇵,
* McsEngl.flagNorth-Macedonia--🇲🇰--🇲🇰,
* McsEngl.flagNorthern-Mariana-Islands--🇲🇵--🇲🇵,
* McsEngl.flagNorway--🇳🇴--🇳🇴,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagOman--🇴🇲--🇴🇲,
* McsEngl.flagPakistan--🇵🇰--🇵🇰,
* McsEngl.flagPalau--🇵🇼--🇵🇼,
* McsEngl.flagPalestinian-Territories--🇵🇸--🇵🇸,
* McsEngl.flagPanama--🇵🇦--🇵🇦,
* McsEngl.flagPapua-New-Guinea--🇵🇬--🇵🇬,
* McsEngl.flagParaguay--🇵🇾--🇵🇾,
* McsEngl.flagPeru--🇵🇪--🇵🇪,
* McsEngl.flagPhilippines--🇵🇭--🇵🇭,
* McsEngl.flagPitcairn-Islands--🇵🇳--🇵🇳,
* McsEngl.flagPoland--🇵🇱--🇵🇱,
* McsEngl.flagPortugal--🇵🇹--🇵🇹,
* McsEngl.flagPuerto-Rico--🇵🇷--🇵🇷,
* McsEngl.flagQatar--🇶🇦--🇶🇦,
* McsEngl.flagRomania--🇷🇴--🇷🇴,
* McsEngl.flagRussia--🇷🇺--🇷🇺,
* McsEngl.flagRwanda--🇷🇼--🇷🇼,
* McsEngl.flagRιunion--🇷🇪--🇷🇪,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagSamoa--🇼🇸--🇼🇸,
* McsEngl.flagSan-Marino--🇸🇲--🇸🇲,
* McsEngl.flagSaudi-Arabia--🇸🇦--🇸🇦,
* McsEngl.flagSenegal--🇸🇳--🇸🇳,
* McsEngl.flagSerbia--🇷🇸--🇷🇸,
* McsEngl.flagSeychelles--🇸🇨--🇸🇨,
* McsEngl.flagSierra-Leone--🇸🇱--🇸🇱,
* McsEngl.flagSingapore--🇸🇬--🇸🇬,
* McsEngl.flagSint-Maarten--🇸🇽--🇸🇽,
* McsEngl.flagSlovakia--🇸🇰--🇸🇰,
* McsEngl.flagSlovenia--🇸🇮--🇸🇮,
* McsEngl.flagSolomon-Islands--🇸🇧--🇸🇧,
* McsEngl.flagSomalia--🇸🇴--🇸🇴,
* McsEngl.flagSouth-Africa--🇿🇦--🇿🇦,
* McsEngl.flagSouth-Georgia-and-South-Sandwich-Islands--🇬🇸--🇬🇸,
* McsEngl.flagSouth-Korea--🇰🇷--🇰🇷,
* McsEngl.flagSouth-Sudan--🇸🇸--🇸🇸,
* McsEngl.flagSpain--🇪🇸--🇪🇸,
* McsEngl.flagSri-Lanka--🇱🇰--🇱🇰,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Barthιlemy--🇧🇱--🇧🇱,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Helena--🇸🇭--🇸🇭,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Kitts-and-Nevis--🇰🇳--🇰🇳,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Lucia--🇱🇨--🇱🇨,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Martin--🇲🇫--🇲🇫,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Pierre-and-Miquelon--🇵🇲--🇵🇲,
* McsEngl.flagSt.Vincent-and-Grenadines--🇻🇨--🇻🇨,
* McsEngl.flagSudan--🇸🇩--🇸🇩,
* McsEngl.flagSuriname--🇸🇷--🇸🇷,
* McsEngl.flagSvalbard-and-Jan-Mayen--🇸🇯--🇸🇯,
* McsEngl.flagSweden--🇸🇪--🇸🇪,
* McsEngl.flagSwitzerland--🇨🇭--🇨🇭,
* McsEngl.flagSyria--🇸🇾--🇸🇾,
* McsEngl.flagSγo-Tomι-and-Prνncipe--🇸🇹--🇸🇹,
* McsEngl.flagTaiwan--🇹🇼--🇹🇼,
* McsEngl.flagTajikistan--🇹🇯--🇹🇯,
* McsEngl.flagTanzania--🇹🇿--🇹🇿,
* McsEngl.flagThailand--🇹🇭--🇹🇭,
* McsEngl.flagTimor-Leste--🇹🇱--🇹🇱,
* McsEngl.flagTogo--🇹🇬--🇹🇬,
* McsEngl.flagTokelau--🇹🇰--🇹🇰,
* McsEngl.flagTonga--🇹🇴--🇹🇴,
* McsEngl.flagTrinidad-and-Tobago--🇹🇹--🇹🇹,
* McsEngl.flagTristan-da-Cunha--🇹🇦--🇹🇦,
* McsEngl.flagTunisia--🇹🇳--🇹🇳,
* McsEngl.flagTurkey--🇹🇷--🇹🇷,
* McsEngl.flagTurkmenistan--🇹🇲--🇹🇲,
* McsEngl.flagTurks-and-Caicos-Islands--🇹🇨--🇹🇨,
* McsEngl.flagTuvalu--🇹🇻--🇹🇻,

specific-tree-of-flagSociety::
* McsEngl.flagU.S.Outlying-Islands--🇺🇲--🇺🇲,
* McsEngl.flagU.S.Virgin-Islands--🇻🇮--🇻🇮,
* McsEngl.flagUganda--🇺🇬--🇺🇬,
* McsEngl.flagUkraine--🇺🇦--🇺🇦,
* McsEngl.flagUnited-Arab-Emirates--🇦🇪--🇦🇪,
* McsEngl.flagUnited-Kingdom--🇬🇧--🇬🇧,
* McsEngl.flagUnited-Nations--🇺🇳--🇺🇳,
* McsEngl.flagUnited-States--🇺🇸--🇺🇸,
* McsEngl.flagUruguay--🇺🇾--🇺🇾,
* McsEngl.flagUzbekistan--🇺🇿--🇺🇿,
* McsEngl.flagVanuatu--🇻🇺--🇻🇺,
* McsEngl.flagVatican-City--🇻🇦--🇻🇦,
* McsEngl.flagVenezuela--🇻🇪--🇻🇪,
* McsEngl.flagVietnam--🇻🇳--🇻🇳,
* McsEngl.flagWallis-and-Futuna--🇼🇫--🇼🇫,
* McsEngl.flagWestern-Sahara--🇪🇭--🇪🇭,
* McsEngl.flagYemen--🇾🇪--🇾🇪,
* McsEngl.flagZambia--🇿🇲--🇿🇲,
* McsEngl.flagZimbabwe--🇿🇼--🇿🇼,
* McsEngl.flagΕland-Islands--🇦🇽--🇦🇽,

national-anthem of Sochumnview

description::
"A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation.[2] The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. American, Central Asian, and European nations tend towards more ornate and operatic pieces, while those in the Middle East, Oceania, Africa, and the Caribbean use a more simplistic fanfare.[3] Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom, Russia, and the former Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states."
[{2023-09-07 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem]

· stxZhon: 美国国歌很美。 :: Měiguó guógē hěn měi. != The American national anthem is beautiful.

name::
* McsEngl.national-anthem,
* McsEngl.society'att062-anthem,
* McsEngl.society'anthem,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.guógē-国歌!=national-anthem,
* McsZhon.国歌-guógē!=national-anthem,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.εθνικός-ύμνος!ο!=national-anthem,

internet-TLD of Sochumnview

description::
"A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code. All ASCII ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.
In 2018, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) began implementing internationalized country code top-level domains, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. While gTLDs have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today, ccTLDs make up 40% of the total domain name industry.[1] Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered first extensions that year were .us (United States), .uk (United Kingdom), and .il (Israel).[2] There are 312 ccTLDs in active use totally. The .cn, .tk, .de and .uk ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains.[3]"
[{2021-02-25} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain]

name::
* McsEngl.ccTLD,
* McsEngl.society'att052-internet-TLD,
* McsEngl.society'ccTLD,
* McsEngl.society'country-code-2-letter,
* McsEngl.society'internet-TLD,

addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2,

driving-site of Sochumnview

description::
"Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side or to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes referred to as the rule of the road.[1]
RHT is used in 165 countries and territories, with the remaining 75 countries and territories using LHT.[2] Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world's land area, with about a third of its population and a quarter of its roads.[3] In 1919, 104 of the world's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. Between 1919 and 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT.[4]
Many of the countries that adopted LHT were formerly part of the British Empire, although some, such as Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Nepal, Suriname, Sweden (now RHT), and Thailand, to name a few, were not. Similarly, many of the countries that were a part of the French colonial empire adopted RHT.
In LHT traffic keeps left, and cars usually have the steering wheel on the right (RHD – right hand drive), putting the driver on the side closer to the centre of the road. Roundabouts circulate clockwise. RHT is the opposite of this: traffic keeps right, the driver usually sits on the left side of the car (LHD), and roundabouts circulate anticlockwise.
In most countries rail traffic follows the handedness of the roads, although many of the countries that switched road traffic from LHT to RHT did not switch their trains. Boat traffic on rivers is effectively RHT. Boats are traditionally piloted from the starboard side to facilitate priority to the right."
[{2021-02-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic]

name::
* McsEngl.society'att055-driving-site,
* McsEngl.society'driving-site,

satisfier (link) of society

technology (link) of society

admin-sector (link) of Socadmn

brance.executive of Socadmn

description::
"The executive is the branch of government exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law."
[{2020-12-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)]

name::
* McsEngl.Socexe,
* McsEngl.Socexe!=executive-brance-of-society,
* McsEngl.executive-brance!⇒Socexe,
* McsEngl.government!⇒Socexe,
* McsEngl.society'att026-executive-brance!⇒Socexe,
* McsEngl.society'executive-brance!⇒Socexe,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.εκτελεστική-εξουσία!η!=Socexe,

brance.legislature of Socadmn

description::
"A legislature is an assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation, or city. Legislatures are often contrasted with the executive and judicial powers of government.

Legislators are typically elected by the people, but they can also be appointed by the executive branch or another body. Legislatures may be unicameral (with a single house) or bicameral (with two houses).

Legislatures have a variety of powers, including the power to:
* Pass laws
* Establish the government's budget
* Confirm executive appointments
* Ratify treaties
* Investigate the executive branch
* Impeach and remove from office members of the executive and judiciary
* Redress constituents' grievances

Legislatures play an important role in any democracy. They represent the will of the people and help to ensure that the government is accountable to its citizens.

Here are some examples of legislatures around the world:
* United States Congress
* United Kingdom Parliament
* Canadian Parliament
* Australian Parliament
* Indian Parliament
* Japanese Diet

Legislatures are essential to the functioning of any modern democracy. They provide a forum for public debate and deliberation, and they have the power to make laws that affect the lives of all citizens."
[{2023-10-09 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/466e661b2b8cb5b0]

name::
* McsEngl.Soclegi,
* McsEngl.Soclegi!=legislature-branch-of-society,
* McsEngl.legislature!⇒Soclegi,
* McsEngl.parliament!⇒Soclegi,
* McsEngl.society'att027-legislature!⇒Soclegi,
* McsEngl.society'legislature!⇒Soclegi,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βουλή!η!=Soclegi,
* McsElln.νομοθετική-εξουσία!η!=Soclegi,

brance.judiciary (link) of Socadmn

core-system of Socadmn

description::
· the-system of core-admin-sector.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'att010-core-system!⇒Socadmncore,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'core-system!⇒Socadmncore,
* McsEngl.Socadmncore!=core-admin-system,
* McsEngl.core-admin-system!⇒Socadmncore,

narrow-system of Socadmn

description::
· the-system of narrow-admin-sector.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'att011-narrow-system!⇒Socadmnnarrow,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'narrow-system!⇒Socadmnnarrow,
* McsEngl.Socadmnnarrow!=narrow-admin-system,
* McsEngl.narrow-admin-system!⇒Socadmnnarrow,

broad-system of Socadmn

description::
· the-system of broad-admin-sector.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'att012-broad-system!⇒Socadmnbroad,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'broad-system!⇒Socadmnbroad,
* McsEngl.Socadmnbroad!=broad-admin-system,
* McsEngl.broad-admin-system!⇒Socadmnbroad,

legal-system (link) of Socadmn

law (link) of Socadmn

judicial-system of Socadmn

description::
· the-entire system of courts, judges, structure, processes, government-branch.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'att001-judicial-system!⇒Socjdls,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'judicial-system!⇒Socjdls,
* McsEngl.Socjdls!=judicial-system-of-society,
* McsEngl.law'judicial-system!⇒Socjdls,
* McsEngl.judicial-system-of-society!⇒Socjdls,

descriptionLong::
">judicial system vs judiciary vs judicial-branch:
These terms are all closely related to the concept of how laws are interpreted and enforced, but with slightly different nuances:
* **Judiciary:** This refers to the entire system of courts and judges responsible for interpreting laws, resolving legal disputes, and ensuring justice is served. It's the broadest term, encompassing all the people and institutions involved.
* **Judicial system:** This term is similar to judiciary, but it emphasizes the structure and processes involved in handling legal cases. It includes things like court hierarchies, rules of evidence, and procedures for trials and appeals.
* **Judicial branch:** This term is the most specific. It refers to one of the three main divisions of government (alongside the legislative and executive branches) that houses the judiciary. The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting laws and the Constitution, but it doesn't create or enforce them directly.
Here's an analogy:
* Think of the **judiciary** as a hospital.
* The **judicial system** would be the different departments within the hospital, like cardiology or emergency care, each with its own procedures.
* The **judicial branch** would be the administration that oversees the entire hospital and ensures it runs smoothly.
I hope this clarifies the distinction between these terms!"
[{2024-03-21 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/db9c5865e261106c]

">judicial system vs judiciary:
The terms "judicial system" and "judiciary" are closely related and both pertain to the branch of government responsible for the administration of justice. However, they have distinct meanings and refer to different aspects of the legal framework. Understanding these differences is key to grasping the structure and function of a country's legal and governance system.
### Judiciary
The "judiciary" refers specifically to the judges and magistrates who preside over courts, and, by extension, can also include the court system itself. It is the collective term for the individuals who have the authority to interpret and apply the law, make legal judgments, and preside over legal disputes. The judiciary is one of the three branches of government, alongside the legislative (which makes the laws) and the executive (which enforces the laws). The primary roles of the judiciary include:
- **Interpreting and applying laws** to specific cases.
- **Adjudicating disputes**, both civil and criminal, to enforce legal rights and obligations.
- **Upholding the constitution** and ensuring laws and government actions comply with constitutional provisions.
- **Protecting rights and liberties** as defined by the constitution and law.
Judges and magistrates within the judiciary are expected to be impartial and independent, making decisions based on law, without influence from external pressures or biases.
### Judicial System
The "judicial system," on the other hand, refers to the entire structure and organization of courts and tribunals within a country or jurisdiction that administers justice. It encompasses not only the judiciary (i.e., judges and magistrates) but also the procedural aspects, administrative staff, legal frameworks, and processes that enable the judiciary to operate effectively. The judicial system includes various levels of courts (such as appellate courts, trial courts, and sometimes specialized courts) and is designed to handle different types of cases, including civil, criminal, administrative, and constitutional matters.
The judicial system is responsible for:
- **Providing a mechanism for dispute resolution** through a structured, formal process.
- **Enforcing legal norms and decisions**, ensuring that judicial rulings are carried out.
- **Administering trials and hearings**, where evidence is presented, and legal arguments are made.
### Key Differences
- **Scope:** The judiciary refers specifically to the personnel (judges and magistrates) within the court system, emphasizing the role of individuals in interpreting and applying the law. The judicial system refers to the entire network of courts and related processes and structures for administering justice.
- **Function:** While the judiciary focuses on the decision-making and legal interpretation by judges, the judicial system includes both these functions and the broader mechanisms and institutions that support the administration of justice.
In summary, while the judiciary is about the who (the judges and magistrates) in the administration of justice, the judicial system is about the how (the organizational structure, courts, and processes) through which justice is administered."
[{2024-03-18 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/17d04697-f020-46b5-b705-28b043c5899c]

evaluation of Socadmn

description::
· The World Bank's six worldwide governance indicators:
1) government effectiveness index,
2) voice and accountability,
3) political stability,
4) regulatory quality,
5) the rule of law,
6) control of corruption.
[{2023-12-23 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_effectiveness_index]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'evaluation,

satisfier of Socadmn

description::
· sfrProperty owned by a-governance-system.
· a-PUBLIC-domain-software is-not-owned by governance.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'satisfier,
* McsEngl.admin-property!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.admin-satisfier!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.public-satisfier!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.satisfier.007-governance-sys!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.satisfierGvc!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.sfrPblc!=admin-satisfier,
* McsEngl.sfrGvc!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.sfrProperty.property!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.sfrProperty.sectorGvc!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.sfrSocadmn!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.property.admin!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.society'att034-satisfier-of-Socadmn!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.society'satisfier-of-Socadmn!⇒sfrPblc,
* McsEngl.state-property!⇒sfrPblc,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ικανοποιητής-διοίκησης!ο!=sfrPblc,

organization of Socadmn

description::
· ANY organization of the-sysAdmin.
· oznGovernance is a-special oznSatisfier needed to govern a-society.
· oznGovernance is an-oznProduction OWNED by state|regional|local governance-system.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'ozn!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.administrative-organization!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.governance-organization!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogzn.003-admin!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogznPblc!=administrative-organization,
* McsEngl.ogznGvc!=ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogznGvnc!=ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogznProduction.005-administrative!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogznProduction.administrative!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.ogznSocadmn!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.public-administration!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.public-organization!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.society'att017-ogznPblc!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.society'ogznPblc!⇒ogznPblc,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'ogznPblc!⇒ogznPblc,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δημόσιος-οργανισμός!ο!=ogznPblc,
* McsElln.δημόσιος-φορέας!ο!=ogznPblc,
* McsElln.διοίκησης-οργανισμός!ο!=ogznPblc,
* McsElln.οργανισμός-διοίκησης!ο!=ogznPblc,

budget (link) of Socadmn

citizen-info of Socadmn

description::
· any info about a-citizen the-Socadmn has.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'citizen-info,
* McsEngl.citizen-info-of-Socadmn,
* McsEngl.society'att039-citizen-info,
* McsEngl.society'citizen-info,

addressWpg::
* https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/solution/citizens-folder/about: a one-stop service where citizens can access and browse all their information the administration possesses,

control-of-thought of Socadmn

description::
"Control of thought is more important for governments that are free and popular than for despotic and militarty states.
The logic is straightforward: a despotic state can control its domestc enemies by force, but as the state loses this weapon, other devices are required to prevent the ignorant masses from interfering with public affairs, which are none of their business...
the public are to be observers, not participants, consumers of ideology as well as products."
[Noam Chomsky https://twitter.com/noamchomskyT/status/1273901033849270272]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'control-of-thought,
* McsEngl.control-of-thought-of-society,
* McsEngl.society'att013-control-of-thought,
* McsEngl.society'control-of-thought,

descriptionLong::
"The key element of social control is the strategy of distraction that is to divert public attention from important issues and changes decided by political and economic elites through the technique of flood or flooding continuous distractions and insignificant information. Chomsky"
[{2020-07-30} https://twitter.com/noamchomskyT/status/1288854739954868230]

worker (link) of Socadmn

digital-governance of Socadmn

description::
· the-digital portion of Socadmn.

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'att008-digital-part!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'digital-part!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.Socadmndgtl!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.Socadmndgtltal!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.esoc'governance!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.Socegvc!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.digital-part-of-administration!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.digital-part-of-governance!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.e-governance!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.egovc!⇒egvc,
* McsEngl.egvc!=digital-part-of-governance,

MISC-ATTRIBUTE of Socadmn

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'misc-attribute,

info-resource of Socadmn

description::
* https://moreequalanimals.com/assets/MoreEqualAnimals-1.15.2021.pdf,

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn'Infrsc,

DOING of Socadmn

description::
· any doing of Socadmn.
===
"The challenge of government is that it is supposed to be operated by individuals for the benefit of society, but individuals are easily corrupted by the ability to use the power society grants them for personal gain.
... It is not enough for the government to serve some; it must serve all.
... a government that allows secession without war is a government that has the people's willing consent and serves all the people. Anyone who wasn’t served could secede."
[{2021-01-16} https://moreequalanimals.com/assets/MoreEqualAnimals-1.15.2021.pdf]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmndng,
* McsEngl.governing-of-society!⇒Socadmndng,
* McsEngl.Socadmn'doing!⇒Socadmndng,
* McsEngl.society'governing!⇒Socadmndng,

Socadmn.SPECIFIC

description::
* digital-Socadmn,
* open-Socadmn,
* rule-by-algo,
* rule-by-jungle,
* rule-by-law,

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.specific,

Socadmn.rule-by-algo (link)

Socadmn.rule-by-law

description::
">rule by law vs rule of law:
The distinction between "rule by law" and "rule of law" is subtle but significantly important, reflecting different approaches to governance and the use of law in society.
### Rule by Law
"Rule by law" refers to a governance framework where laws are used as instruments of the government to enforce order and regulate the behavior of its citizens. In systems governed by the rule by law, law can be a tool for the government to strengthen its control over the society. Laws may be applied selectively or used to suppress dissent and opposition. The key characteristic of rule by law is that the law serves the interests of those in power, rather than serving as an impartial standard of justice. Authorities may change laws as needed for their interests, and there is often a lack of checks and balances to prevent the misuse of legal authority.
### Rule of Law
"Rule of law," on the other hand, is a principle under which all members of a society, including those in government, are equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes. The law is seen as supreme and must be followed by everyone, ensuring fairness, justice, and predictability in legal processes. It requires that laws are clear, publicized, stable, and applied evenly, and that they protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property. A key aspect of the rule of law is that it places constraints on the power of government officials, ensuring that they cannot wield power arbitrarily.
### Key Differences
1. **Equality Before the Law**: Rule of law emphasizes equality before the law, whereas rule by law can be used to enforce laws selectively to benefit those in power.
2. **Protection of Rights**: Rule of law is characterized by its protection of individual rights, whereas rule by law may not prioritize or protect individual rights to the same extent.
3. **Checks and Balances**: The rule of law often involves a system of checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power, something that might be absent or less developed in a rule by law system.
4. **Government Limitation**: Under the rule of law, the powers of government officials are limited by the law to prevent arbitrary use of power. In contrast, under rule by law, the law may serve as a tool for the government to exercise and expand its power.
In essence, while both concepts involve the use of law in governance, they differ fundamentally in their approach to justice, governance, and the role of law in society. Rule of law is about the law constraining the government to protect the rights and liberties of individuals, whereas rule by law can be about using the law as a tool for government control."
[{2024-04-04 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/21cbbc7d-4d9c-402e-b05f-894d5882b76f]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.rule-by-law,
* McsEngl.society'att011-rule-by-law,
* McsEngl.society'rule-by-law,
* McsEngl.rule-by-law-society,

Socadmn.rule-by-jungle

description::
"Only under the law of the jungle does it make sense for the 51% to rule over the 49%. In fact, under the law of the jungle it is legitimate for 51% to kill the 49%. It is also legitimate, under the law of the jungle, for 1% to kill the 99% if they had the power to do so. What is the difference between 51% threatening to kill the 49% if they don’t comply and 51% actually killing them? If the 51% don’t actually believe in genocide (or the threat thereof) then it follows that they should allow the 49% to secede."

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.rule-by-jungle,
* McsEngl.law-of-jungle,
* McsEngl.rule-by-jungle-society,
* McsEngl.society'att035-rule-of-jungle,
* McsEngl.society'rule-by-jungle,

Socadmn.open-001

description::
"Open government strategies and initiatives are based on the principles of transparency, integrity, accountability and stakeholder participation."
[{2020-11-01} https://www.oecd.org/gov/open-government/]
"Διακυβέρνηση (Open Governance) ορίζεται (OECD, 2016):
Η κουλτούρα διακυβέρνησης η οποία βασίζεται σε καινοτόμες και βιώσιμες δημόσιες πολιτικές και σε πρακτικές εμπνευσμένες από τις αρχές της διαφάνειας, της λογοδοσίας και της συμμετοχής με στόχο την προώθηση της δημοκρατίας και της ανάπτυξης χωρίς αποκλεισμούς."
[{2024-04-09 retrieved} http://dx.doi.org/10.57713/kallipos-420]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.001-open,
* McsEngl.Socadmn.open,
* McsEngl.open-governance,
* McsEngl.open-government,

Socadmn.digital-002

description::
"E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of technological communications devices, such as computers and the Internet to provide public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government offers new opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access to government, and for government provision of services directly to citizens.[1]
The term consists of the digital interactions between a citizen and their government (C2G), between governments and other government agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E), and between government and businesses/commerces (G2B). E-government delivery models can be broken down into the following categories:[2] This interaction consists of citizens communicating with all levels of government (city, state/province, national, and international), facilitating citizen involvement in governance using information and communication technology (ICT) (such as computers and websites) and business process re-engineering (BPR). Brabham and Guth (2017) interviewed the third party designers of e-government tools in North America about the ideals of user interaction that they build into their technologies, which include progressive values, ubiquitous participation, geolocation, and education of the public.[3]"
[{2020-12-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.002-digital!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.Socadmn.digital!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.SocadmnDigi!=administration.society.digital,
* McsEngl.administration.society.digital!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.admnSocDigi!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.connected-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.digital-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.e-gvc!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.e-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.electronic-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.internet-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
* McsEngl.online-governance!⇒SocadmnDigi,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΗΔ!=ηλεκτρονική-διακυβέρνηση-κοινωνίας!=SocadmnDigi,
* McsElln.ηλεκτρονική-διακυβέρνηση-κοινωνίας!=SocadmnDigi,
* McsElln.ψηφιακή-διακυβέρνηση-κοινωνίας!=SocadmnDigi,

Socadmn.democracy-republic

description::
">democracy vs republic:
**Democracy vs. Republic: Understanding the Differences**
1. **Definition and Core Principles**:
- **Democracy**: A system of government where the power lies directly in the hands of the people. It is characterized by majority rule, where the majority's opinion prevails in decision-making processes. The core principle is direct participation.
- **Republic**: A system of government where the country is considered a "public matter" (res publica), and the power rests with elected individuals representing the citizen body. The primary principle is the rule of law and the protection of minority rights.
2. **Forms of Democracy**:
- **Direct Democracy**: Citizens directly participate in decision-making without intermediary representatives. Examples include ancient Athens and modern-day Switzerland in some cantons.
- **Representative Democracy**: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy is common in larger societies where direct participation is impractical.
3. **Key Features of a Republic**:
- **Elected Representatives**: Citizens elect leaders to make policy decisions and laws on their behalf.
- **Rule of Law**: Laws govern the republic, and leaders are subject to these laws.
- **Protection of Rights**: A republic aims to protect the rights of individuals and minority groups against potential tyranny of the majority.
4. **Overlap and Distinction**:
- Many modern nations are both democracies and republics. For instance, the United States is a democratic republic where the government is based on elected representatives, and the Constitution protects individual rights.
- The key distinction is often in the emphasis: a democracy focuses on majority rule, while a republic emphasizes the rule of law and minority protection.
5. **Examples**:
- **Democracies**: Switzerland (with elements of direct democracy), many states in the United States at the local level.
- **Republics**: The United States, France, India.
6. **Philosophical and Practical Differences**:
- **Democracy** can sometimes lead to decisions that favor the majority, potentially at the expense of minority rights.
- **Republic** is designed to prevent this by ensuring that elected representatives create laws that protect individual freedoms and rights.
7. **Historical Context**:
- The concept of democracy originated in ancient Greece, particularly Athens.
- The Roman Republic provided a model for modern republics, emphasizing a mixed government with checks and balances.
8. **Modern Application**:
- **Constitutional Democracies**: Many countries operate under constitutions that define the structure, powers, and limits of government, ensuring democratic principles within a republican framework.
- **Hybrid Systems**: Various nations blend elements of both systems to create a balanced government structure.
In summary, while democracy and republic are often used interchangeably, they have distinct features and principles. Democracy emphasizes direct participation or majority rule, while a republic focuses on representative governance and the protection of individual rights within the framework of the rule of law."
[{2024-05-15 retrieved} https://chatgpt.com/c/97986a56-fdf7-4c4a-a462-d16f80f9dcad]

">democracy vs republic:
Both democracies and republics are systems of government where citizens are represented by elected officials. However, there are key differences between the two:
**Democracy:**
* **Rule by the majority:** In a pure democracy, laws are made directly by the voting majority. This can lead to the rights of the minority being overlooked or overridden.
* **Direct participation:** Citizens may participate directly in the decision-making process through referendums or popular votes.
* **Potential for instability:** Pure democracies can be vulnerable to the whims of the majority and may lack safeguards against hasty or ill-conceived decisions.
**Republic:**
* **Rule of law:** Republics are based on a constitution or a set of fundamental laws that protect the rights of all citizens, including the minority.
* **Representative government:** Citizens elect representatives who make laws on their behalf. These representatives are expected to act in the best interests of their constituents.
* **Checks and balances:** Republics often have a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. This helps to protect against tyranny and ensure stability.
**The United States: A Representative Democracy**
The United States is often described as a representative democracy. While it has elements of both democracy and republic, it is more accurately defined as a republic with democratic features.
* **Representative government:** Citizens elect representatives at the federal, state, and local levels to make laws and govern.
* **Constitution:** The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land, protecting the rights of all citizens and establishing a system of checks and balances.
* **Democratic processes:** Citizens participate in the democratic process through elections, voting on ballot initiatives, and engaging in public discourse.
**In Summary:**
While both democracies and republics aim to provide government by the people, republics offer greater protection for individual rights and minority interests through a constitution and a system of checks and balances.
I hope this explanation is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions."
[{2024-05-15 retrieved} https://gemini.google.com/app/fbfae085942d6b35]

name::
* McsEngl.Socadmn.democracy-republic,
* McsEngl.democracy-republic,
* McsEngl.republic-democracy,

well-being of Sochealth

description::
· not dysfunction or dystructure.
===
">well-beings of human societies:
The well-being of human societies encompasses a broad and multifaceted concept that involves various dimensions including economic, social, physical, and mental health aspects. It reflects the quality of life and general satisfaction individuals have within their communities and societies at large. Here are some of the key components:
1. **Economic Stability**: Economic well-being involves employment opportunities, fair wages, economic growth, and stability. It also encompasses the ability of individuals to meet their basic needs, such as food, shelter, and healthcare, without undue financial stress.
2. **Social Cohesion and Equity**: Social well-being focuses on the relationships people have with each other and the cohesiveness of communities. It includes aspects such as social support, community engagement, inclusivity, and equality. Societies that promote equity and justice tend to have higher levels of social well-being.
3. **Healthcare and Physical Well-being**: Access to quality healthcare services and opportunities for maintaining physical health, such as exercise and nutrition, are crucial. Physical well-being also includes a clean and safe environment, access to clean water, and air quality.
4. **Education and Lifelong Learning**: Access to quality education and opportunities for lifelong learning contribute to the intellectual development and economic opportunities for individuals, fostering a sense of purpose and self-fulfillment.
5. **Emotional and Mental Health**: Mental health services, stress management, and recreational opportunities contribute to the emotional well-being of individuals. Societies that prioritize mental health and provide support systems for mental illnesses tend to have happier and more productive citizens.
6. **Safety and Security**: Feeling safe in one's community and country, free from violence, crime, and threats, is fundamental to well-being. This also includes personal security and the rule of law.
7. **Environmental Sustainability**: A sustainable environment that promotes the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity contributes to the long-term well-being of a society by ensuring that future generations have the resources they need.
8. **Political Stability and Participation**: A stable political environment where citizens can participate in the democratic process and have their rights protected contributes to a sense of belonging and influence in society.
Improving societal well-being requires coordinated efforts across these dimensions, involving governments, non-profit organizations, businesses, and individuals. It's a dynamic process that adapts as society evolves, reflecting the changing needs and values of its members."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/bf139458-ea82-4b8f-9255-8120ae15446a]

name::
* McsEngl.Sochealth.wellbeing!⇒Socwellbeing,
* McsEngl.society'att045-disorderNo!⇒Socwellbeing,
* McsEngl.society'disorderNo!⇒Socwellbeing,
* McsEngl.Socwellbeing!=well-being-of-society,
* McsEngl.Socwellfare!⇒Socwellbeing,
* McsEngl.society'well-being!⇒Socwellbeing,

specific-tree-of-Socwellbeing::
* adequate-growth-vs-inadequate-growth,
* employment-vs-unemployment,
* environmental-cleaness--vs--environmental-pollution,
* equality-vs-discimination,
* peace-vs-conflict,
* unity-vs-division,

bad-being of Sochealth

description::
· dysfunction or dystructure.
===
">dysfunctions or dystructures of human societies:
The terms "dysfunctions" and "dystructures" (though the latter is less commonly used and may be a typographical error for "dysfunctions" or a novel term) in relation to human societies refer to elements or aspects of social systems that impede their smooth operation, leading to negative consequences for the collective well-being and functioning of these societies. Understanding these concepts involves exploring various theoretical frameworks within sociology and related disciplines. Here’s a brief overview of some of the key dysfunctions or problematic structures within human societies:
### Dysfunctions in Human Societies
1. **Inequality**: This is a fundamental dysfunction where resources, opportunities, and rights are distributed unevenly among the population, leading to social stratification and conflict. It manifests in various forms such as economic inequality, racial inequality, and gender inequality.
2. **Corruption**: Corruption refers to the abuse of power for personal gain, undermining the trust in public institutions and the rule of law. It can severely impede economic development, reduce efficiency, and increase inequality.
3. **Discrimination**: Discrimination involves unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or gender. It leads to social divisions and prevents individuals from fully participating in society.
4. **Environmental Degradation**: The unsustainable exploitation of natural resources and pollution can lead to long-term environmental damage, affecting the health and well-being of current and future generations.
5. **Social Fragmentation**: The breakdown of social cohesion and the increase in individualism over community values can lead to isolation, mental health issues, and a weakening of the social fabric.
6. **Political Instability**: Frequent changes in government, civil unrest, and lack of consensus on governance can lead to a lack of direction in policy making, hindering economic and social development.
7. **Economic Instability**: Fluctuations in the economy, such as recessions, inflation, and unemployment, can create widespread insecurity and hardship, affecting the quality of life.
8. **Crime and Violence**: High levels of crime and violence can lead to a general sense of insecurity, disrupt social order, and impede economic and social development.
9. **Education and Healthcare Disparities**: Inadequate access to quality education and healthcare services contributes to a cycle of poverty and limits social mobility, perpetuating inequalities.
10. **Cultural Conflicts**: Clashes between different cultural, religious, or ethnic groups can lead to social tensions and conflicts, impeding social cohesion and cooperation.
These dysfunctions are interrelated and often compound each other, making them challenging to address. However, understanding them is the first step towards creating more equitable, stable, and sustainable societies. Social scientists and policymakers work towards identifying these issues, understanding their roots, and implementing strategies to mitigate their effects."
[{2024-04-03 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/4b57f264-3e8c-4575-882d-6ebd22357159]

name::
* McsEngl.Socbadbeing!=bad-being-of-society,
* McsEngl.Socdisorder!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.Sochealth.badbeing!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.disorder-of-society!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.problem-of-society!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.social-problem!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.society'att012-disorder!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.society'bad-being!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.society'disorder!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.society'healthBad!⇒Socbadbeing,
* McsEngl.society'problem!⇒Socbadbeing,

right-and-responsibility-of-human (link) of Sochealth

reputation of Sochealth

description::
"The reputation of a social entity (a person, a social group, an organization, or a place) is an opinion about that entity, typically as a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria, such as behaviour or performance.[1]"
[{2021-03-06} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation]

name::
* McsEngl.society'att058-reputation,
* McsEngl.society'reputation,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.φήμη!=society'reputation,

addressWpg::
* https://aeon.co/ideas/say-goodbye-to-the-information-age-its-all-about-reputation-now,

digital-economy (link) of esoc

digital-governance (link) of esoc

digital-revolution of esoc

description::
">timeline of digital-revolution:
Sure, here is a timeline of the digital revolution:
**1947:** The transistor is invented, paving the way for smaller, faster, and more powerful computers. [Image of Transistor]
**1962:** The first commercial computer, the UNIVAC 1, is introduced.
**1969:** The ARPANET, the first packet-switched network, is created.
**1971:** The first personal computer, the Altair 8800, is released.
**1973:** The Apple I computer, designed by Steve Wozniak, is introduced.
**1974:** The Commodore PET, the first mass-produced personal computer, is released.
**1975:** The Apple II, the first successful mass-produced personal computer, is introduced. [Image of Apple II]
**1981:** The IBM Personal Computer (PC) is introduced, marking the beginning of the personal computer revolution. [Image of IBM Personal Computer]
**1984:** The Macintosh computer is introduced, featuring a graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it easier to use. [Image of Macintosh computer]
**1989:** The World Wide Web is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, making information more accessible and sharable than ever before.
**1993:** The launch of Netscape Navigator, the first widely used web browser, further popularizes the internet. [Image of Netscape Navigator]
**1995:** The introduction of the Windows 95 operating system by Microsoft further accelerates the adoption of personal computers.
**1998:** The launch of the search engine Google by Larry Page and Sergey Brin revolutionizes how people access information.
**2001:** The introduction of the smartphone, the BlackBerry, by Research in Motion (RIM) changes the way people communicate and access information.
**2007:** The launch of the iPhone by Apple, with its touchscreen interface and App Store, marks the beginning of the mobile revolution.
**2011:** The introduction of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter further connects people and communities.
**2016:** The election of Donald Trump as president of the United States highlights the potential for social media to be used for misinformation and manipulation.
**2020:** The COVID-19 pandemic accelerates the adoption of digital technologies, as people work and socialize from home.
The digital revolution has transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. It has created new opportunities for innovation and collaboration, but it has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the impact on society. As we move forward, it is important to carefully consider the implications of these new technologies and to ensure that they are used in a responsible and ethical manner."
[{2023-12-31 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/688f5adde3d811eb]

name::
* McsEngl.esoc'digital-revolution,
* McsEngl.digital-revolution,

evoluting of sciSoc

description::
">evolution of sociology:
The evolution of sociology as a discipline is a complex and multifaceted process that spans several centuries. Here is a brief overview of key developments in the evolution of sociology:

1. **Precursors to Sociology (17th-18th centuries):** Before the formalization of sociology as a distinct field, various thinkers laid the groundwork for sociological thought. Philosophers such as Montesquieu and Rousseau examined social institutions and human behavior, contributing to the intellectual foundations of sociology.

2. **The Enlightenment (18th century):** The Enlightenment era played a crucial role in shaping sociological thinking. Thinkers like Auguste Comte, often regarded as the founder of sociology, emphasized the need for a scientific approach to understanding society. Comte's positivism advocated for the application of scientific methods to study social phenomena.

3. **Classical Sociological Theorists (19th century):** The 19th century saw the emergence of classical sociological theorists who significantly shaped the discipline. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim are among the key figures. Marx focused on the role of economic structures and class struggle, Weber examined the impact of religion and bureaucracy, and Durkheim explored social order and the division of labor.

4. **Early 20th Century and Development of Schools of Thought:** The early 20th century witnessed the development of various schools of thought within sociology. Symbolic Interactionism, Functionalism, and Conflict Theory were among the prominent perspectives. The Chicago School, known for its emphasis on urban sociology and qualitative research methods, also emerged during this period.

5. **Mid-20th Century and Structural-Functionalism:** Structural-functionalism became a dominant paradigm in mid-20th-century sociology. Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton were influential figures associated with this perspective, which focused on understanding how institutions and structures contribute to social stability.

6. **1960s and 1970s - Rise of Critical Perspectives:** The 1960s and 1970s marked a shift in sociological thinking with the rise of critical perspectives. The Frankfurt School, symbolic interactionism, and feminist sociology challenged established norms and structures, fostering a more critical and reflexive approach to social analysis.

7. **Late 20th Century - Postmodernism and Globalization:** In the late 20th century, postmodernism gained prominence, challenging the grand narratives of traditional sociology. The discipline also increasingly engaged with issues of globalization, migration, and cultural diversity.

8. **Contemporary Sociology:** Sociology continues to evolve, adapting to new challenges and incorporating insights from various disciplines. Contemporary topics include the sociology of technology, environmental sociology, and the study of intersectionality, among others.

Throughout its evolution, sociology has expanded its scope to encompass a wide range of topics, methodologies, and theoretical perspectives, making it a dynamic and diverse field of study."
[{2023-11-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/310fd412-408a-4a4e-be33-51e9a0671622]

">evolution of sociology:
The evolution of sociology can be traced back to the 18th century, when Enlightenment thinkers began to question traditional explanations of social order and to seek new ways of understanding the human world. Some of the key figures in the early development of sociology include:
* **Auguste Comte (1798-1857)**, who coined the term "sociology" and argued that society should be studied using scientific methods.
* **Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)**, who introduced sociology to English-speaking audiences through her translations of Comte's work.
* **Karl Marx (1818-1883)**, who developed a theory of social class and conflict that remains influential today.
* **Ιmile Durkheim (1858-1917)**, who studied the social functions of religion and other institutions.
* **Max Weber (1864-1920)**, who analyzed the relationship between power, authority, and bureaucracy.

In the 20th century, sociology continued to grow and diversify, with new theoretical perspectives emerging and new research methods being developed. Some of the major trends in sociology during this period include:
* **The rise of functionalism**, which emphasizes the way in which different parts of society work together to maintain social order.
* **The development of symbolic interactionism**, which focuses on the way in which people create and interpret meaning through their interactions with others.
* **The emergence of conflict theory**, which argues that society is divided into competing groups with different interests.
* **The growth of feminist sociology**, which challenges traditional assumptions about gender and power.
* **The increasing importance of globalization**, which has led to a focus on transnational social phenomena.

Today, sociology is a vibrant and diverse discipline that is used to study a wide range of social phenomena, from the micro-level interactions of individuals to the macro-level structures of societies. Sociologists use a variety of methods to conduct research, including quantitative and qualitative data, surveys, experiments, and ethnography."
[{2023-11-22 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/46f2dfe5ab3ea020?hl=en&pli=1]

name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-sciSoc,
* McsEngl.sciSoc'evoluting,

sciSoc.histrorical-materialism

description::
"Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895): Developed the influential theory of historical materialism, which analyzes social structures and conflicts in relation to economic production"
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/d6492aa090087c09?hl=en&pli=1]
">historical materialism:
Historical materialism is a concept and method developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as a key component of Marxist theory. It serves as the foundation for understanding historical development and societal change within the framework of material conditions and economic structures.

Key principles of historical materialism include:

1. **Materialism:** Historical materialism is rooted in a materialist view of history. This means that the driving force behind historical change is the development of the material conditions of society, particularly the means of production and the economic base. In other words, the way in which a society produces and reproduces the material necessities of life shapes its social, political, and cultural structures.

2. **Mode of Production:** The concept of the mode of production refers to the specific economic system and the way in which goods and services are produced and distributed within a society. Historical materialism identifies different historical epochs based on distinct modes of production, such as feudalism, capitalism, and socialism.

3. **Dialectical Development:** Historical materialism is dialectical in nature, drawing on Hegelian dialectics. It sees history as a process of contradictions, conflicts, and transformations. The dialectical method involves the interplay of opposing forces (thesis and antithesis) leading to a synthesis, which then becomes a new thesis in an ongoing process.

4. **Class Struggle:** The dynamics of historical change are closely tied to class struggle. In each historical epoch, there are social classes with conflicting interests, and much of history is seen as the result of these class struggles. Marx and Engels famously stated in the Communist Manifesto, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."

5. **Base and Superstructure:** Historical materialism introduces the concept of the economic base and the superstructure. The economic base consists of the means of production (technology, factories, etc.) and the relations of production (social relations surrounding production). The superstructure includes the political, legal, cultural, and ideological institutions that arise on the basis of the economic base.

By applying historical materialism, Marx and Engels aimed to analyze and understand the development of societies and to identify the underlying economic forces that shape human history. It has been a foundational element of Marxist analysis and has influenced various fields of social science and historical studies."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/3a87bfbe-15fd-4767-8f9c-00cab731c023]

name::
* McsEngl.histrorical-materialism,
* McsEngl.sciSoc.histrorical-materialism,

sciSoc.structural-functionalism

description::
">structural-functionalism:
Structural-functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. It is one of the oldest and most influential sociological theories, and it has been used to explain a wide range of social phenomena, including social stratification, crime, and education.

**Key concepts of structural-functionalism**
* **Society is a complex system made up of interconnected parts.** Just as the human body is made up of different organs that work together to keep the body functioning, society is made up of different social institutions, such as the family, the economy, and the government. Each of these institutions has its own specific function, and they all work together to maintain the stability of society as a whole.
* **Each part of society contributes to the overall functioning of the whole.** Every social institution, norm, and value has a function to perform in society. For example, the family provides socialization and emotional support for its members, the economy produces goods and services, and the government provides law and order.
* **Social structures and institutions are relatively stable and enduring.** Social structures and institutions are not constantly changing, and they are resistant to change. This is because they are deeply embedded in society's culture and values.
* **Social change is a gradual process that occurs as society adapts to new conditions.** When new conditions arise, such as new technologies or new social movements, society must adapt in order to maintain stability. This process of adaptation can be slow and gradual, and it can sometimes lead to conflict.
* **Social norms and values provide a framework for social behavior.** Social norms are the rules of behavior that are expected of members of a society. Social values are the beliefs that are shared by members of a society about what is good and bad, right and wrong. Social norms and values provide a framework for social behavior, and they help to maintain social order.
* **Social conflict is a natural part of society and can lead to positive change.** Social conflict is inevitable in any society, as different groups with different interests compete for resources and power. However, social conflict can also be a source of positive change, as it can lead to the development of new ideas and the reform of unjust social institutions.

**Criticisms of structural-functionalism**
Structural-functionalism has been criticized for a number of reasons. Some critics argue that it is too conservative and that it does not take into account the role of conflict and change in society. Others argue that it is too deterministic and that it does not allow for individual agency. Still others argue that it is too focused on the macro level of society and that it does not pay enough attention to the micro level of individual interaction.

Despite these criticisms, structural-functionalism remains an influential sociological theory. It provides a useful framework for understanding how societies function, and it has been used to make important contributions to our understanding of a wide range of social phenomena."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/40dcd4d4eeae1f2d?hl=en&pli=1]

name::
* McsEngl.sciSoc.structural-functionalism,
* McsEngl.structural-functionalism,

sciSoc.symbolic-interactionism

description::
"Symbolic Interactionism: Developed by George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer, focuses on micro-level social interactions and how individuals interpret and create meaning through symbols and communication."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/d6492aa090087c09?hl=en&pli=1]
">symbolic interactionism:
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of symbols in human interaction and society. It argues that individuals create meaning through the interpretation of symbols, and that these meanings shape their behavior and interactions with others.

**Key Principles of Symbolic Interactionism**
* **Humans are symbol-using animals.** We use symbols, such as words, gestures, and objects, to communicate with each other and to make sense of the world around us.
* **Symbols have subjective meanings.** The meaning of a symbol is not inherent in the symbol itself, but rather in the way that individuals interpret it.
* **Meaning is created and negotiated through social interaction.** As we interact with others, we learn the meanings that they attach to symbols, and we also influence the meanings that they attach to symbols.
* **Meaning is dynamic and ever-changing.** The meanings of symbols can change over time, as well as with different social contexts.

**How Symbolic Interactionism Explains Social Behavior**
Symbolic interactionism suggests that our behavior is not simply determined by our biology or our environment, but also by the meanings that we attach to things. For example, the meaning of a wedding ring is different for each individual who wears one. For some, it represents commitment and love, while for others, it may represent a social obligation or a way to fit in with their friends and family.
**Symbolic interactionism can also be used to explain social change.** For example, the rise of feminism has been accompanied by a change in the meaning of gender roles. Women are now more likely to work outside the home and to hold positions of power. This change has been influenced by the interactions between women and men, as well as by the changing meanings of symbols such as the word "feminism".

**Examples of Symbolic Interactionism**
* **The meaning of a handshake.** In many cultures, a handshake is a gesture of greeting or farewell. It can also be a way to show respect or to seal a deal.
* **The meaning of a police officer's uniform.** When we see a police officer's uniform, we are likely to feel a sense of authority and power. This is because we have learned to interpret the uniform as a symbol of the police force.
* **The meaning of a brand logo.** Brands use logos to create a sense of identity and to build relationships with consumers. For example, the Nike swoosh is a symbol of quality and athleticism.

**Criticisms of Symbolic Interactionism**
Symbolic interactionism has been criticized for being too individualistic and for not taking into account the power structures that exist in society. Some critics argue that the theory does not explain how large-scale social change occurs.

**Despite these criticisms, symbolic interactionism is a valuable tool for understanding human behavior and society. It helps us to see how individuals and groups create meaning through their interactions, and how these meanings shape their actions and the social world around them.**

**Additional Resources**
* **Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction to Social Psychology by Peter J. Burke**
* **The Self and Society by Charles Horton Cooley**
* **Interactionism: Dramaturgy, Symbolic Interactionism, and Ethnomethodology by Randall Collins**"
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/7c088cd5ecf7e426?hl=en&pli=1]

name::
* McsEngl.sciSoc.symbolic-interactionism,
* McsEngl.symbolic-interactionism,

sciSoc.conflict-theory

description::
">conflict theory:
Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that views society as a system characterized by power dynamics, inequality, and the inevitable presence of conflict. It emphasizes the role of social inequality, competition for resources, and class struggle in shaping the social order.

**Key Assumptions of Conflict Theory:**
1. **Limited Resources:** Society has a limited supply of resources, such as wealth, power, and social status.
2. **Differential Access to Resources:** Individuals and groups have unequal access to these resources, leading to social inequality.
3. **Conflict as a Driving Force:** Conflict arises from competition for resources and the desire to maintain or improve one's social position.
4. **Power Dynamics:** Power is concentrated in the hands of certain groups, enabling them to control resources and influence social structures.
5. **Social Change:** Conflict can lead to social change as groups strive to challenge the status quo and redistribute resources more equitably.

**Key Concepts of Conflict Theory:**
1. **Class Conflict:** The struggle between social classes, particularly between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat).
2. **Ideology:** Sets of beliefs and ideas that justify the existing social order and reinforce the power of dominant groups.
3. **Hegemony:** The dominance of a particular social group's ideology, which shapes the norms, values, and beliefs of society.
4. **Social Movements:** Organized efforts by groups to challenge the status quo and bring about social change.

**Contributions of Conflict Theory:**
1. **Understanding Social Inequality:** Conflict theory provides a framework for analyzing the causes and consequences of social inequality.
2. **Exposing Power Dynamics:** It highlights the role of power in shaping social structures and maintaining inequality.
3. **Explaining Social Change:** It suggests that conflict can drive social change and lead to a more just society.
4. **Criticizing Existing Institutions:** It challenges the legitimacy of existing institutions and power structures.

**Criticisms of Conflict Theory:**
1. **Overemphasis on Conflict:** Critics argue that conflict theory oversimplifies social interactions and ignores cooperation and social harmony.
2. **Economic Determinism:** Some argue that conflict theory places too much emphasis on economic factors and overlooks other causes of social inequality.
3. **Neglect of Agency:** Critics suggest that conflict theory underestimates the agency of individuals and groups to challenge the status quo.
4. **Lack of Specific Predictions:** Conflict theory may offer broad explanations but may lack clear predictions about specific social outcomes.

Despite its criticisms, conflict theory remains a valuable perspective in sociology, providing insights into the causes of social inequality, the role of power, and the dynamics of social change. By understanding the conflicts that shape society, we can better address issues of inequality and strive for a more just and equitable world."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/8f02deb2b5a07112?hl=en&pli=1]

name::
* McsEngl.conflict-theory,
* McsEngl.sciSoc.conflict-theory,

sciSoc.postmodernism

description::
">postmodernism:
Postmodernism is a complex and often contested intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, particularly in the fields of philosophy, art, literature, and sociology. It represents a departure from the modernist approaches that characterized much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. While postmodernism encompasses a diverse range of ideas, there are some common themes and characteristics associated with this movement:

1. **Rejection of Grand Narratives:** Postmodernism challenges the notion of overarching, "grand narratives" that claim to explain the entirety of human history or society. Instead, it emphasizes the existence of multiple, fragmented, and often conflicting narratives.

2. **Deconstruction:** Postmodernism is often associated with the deconstruction of texts and ideas. This involves examining the assumptions and contradictions within a text or concept, questioning fixed meanings, and highlighting the fluidity of language and interpretation.

3. **Relativism:** Postmodernism is characterized by a skepticism toward universal truths or objective reality. Instead, it tends to emphasize the subjective nature of experience and the idea that truth is contingent on individual perspectives.

4. **Cultural Hybridity and Pluralism:** Postmodernism celebrates cultural diversity and challenges the notion of a singular, dominant culture. It acknowledges the hybridity of cultures, often resulting from globalization and the mixing of different cultural elements.

5. **Hyperreality:** Postmodern thinkers, influenced by Jean Baudrillard, have explored the concept of hyperreality, where the boundary between reality and simulation becomes blurred. This is often associated with the influence of media and technology on our perceptions of the world.

6. **Distrust of Metanarratives:** Postmodernism is skeptical of metanarratives—comprehensive and totalizing explanations of historical or social phenomena. This skepticism extends to ideologies and systems of power, challenging their legitimacy.

7. **Fragmentation and Discontinuity:** Postmodernism often portrays the world as fragmented and discontinuous. This can be seen in art, literature, and philosophy where traditional narrative structures are disrupted, and elements are presented in a fragmented or non-linear fashion.

8. **Consumer Culture Critique:** Some postmodernists critique consumer culture, arguing that it commodifies experiences and blurs the line between reality and commercial simulation.

It's important to note that postmodernism is a term that encompasses a wide range of perspectives and can be interpreted in various ways. It has been influential not only in academia but also in art, architecture, literature, and popular culture. However, it has also faced criticism for its perceived relativism and rejection of objective truth. The debate around the merits and drawbacks of postmodernism continues to shape discussions in multiple disciplines."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/310fd412-408a-4a4e-be33-51e9a0671622]

name::
* McsEngl.postmodernism,
* McsEngl.sciSoc.postmodernism,

sciSoc.Frankfurt-school

description::
">critical-theory and Frankfurt-school:
Critical theory and the Frankfurt School are closely intertwined concepts, with the Frankfurt School being a primary driver in the development and evolution of critical theory. Here's an overview of how they relate to each other:
### Frankfurt School
1. **Origins**: The Frankfurt School, officially known as the Institute for Social Research, was founded in 1923 at the University of Frankfurt, Germany. It became a hub for scholars who were critical of traditional forms of social and political thought, particularly those based on positivist, materialist, or deterministic models.
2. **Key Figures**: Prominent members included Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, and later, Jürgen Habermas. These thinkers brought diverse perspectives, blending elements of Marxism, psychoanalysis, sociology, and philosophy.
3. **Exile and Influence**: The rise of the Nazi regime forced many of its members into exile, primarily to the United States, where they continued their scholarship. This experience deeply influenced their thought, particularly their understanding of authority, culture, and mass media.
### Critical Theory
1. **Definition**: Critical theory refers to a range of theoretical perspectives which critique society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities. It seeks to understand the mechanisms of power and oppression and aims to bring about societal change.
2. **Roots in Marxism**: Initially, critical theory was deeply rooted in Marxist thought, aiming to understand and critique the capitalist system and its socio-economic structures. However, it evolved to incorporate a broader range of issues including culture, ideology, and identity.
3. **Key Concepts**: Critical theory covers topics like the critique of modernity and rationality, the role of mass culture and the media in shaping society, the dynamics of power and oppression, and the possibilities for emancipation and freedom.
### Interrelation Between Critical Theory and the Frankfurt School
- **Frankfurt School as a Progenitor**: The Frankfurt School is often seen as the birthplace of critical theory. The theorists associated with the Frankfurt School developed an approach that went beyond traditional Marxist analysis, incorporating insights from other disciplines and focusing on cultural and ideological critique.
- **Evolution of Critical Theory**: While the Frankfurt School laid the groundwork, critical theory has since expanded and diversified. Contemporary critical theorists may not directly align with the Frankfurt School's original ideas but are influenced by their approach to social critique and their interdisciplinary methodology.
- **Legacy and Relevance**: The legacy of the Frankfurt School is evident in the ongoing relevance of critical theory in various fields like sociology, cultural studies, political theory, and philosophy. It continues to inspire analyses of contemporary issues such as consumerism, digital media, and identity politics.
In summary, while the Frankfurt School represents a specific group and historical context, critical theory is a broader intellectual tradition that grew out of the Frankfurt School's work and continues to evolve."
[{2024-01-12 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/f9f44eaa-862a-4924-8f52-7f60c80c9115]

name::
* McsEngl.Frankfurt-school,
* McsEngl.sciSoc.Frankfurt-school,

creation of society

description::
· the-process of creation of a-new society.
* international-recognition,
* decolonization,
* dissolution,
* independence movement,

name::
* McsEngl.society'att056-creation,
* McsEngl.society'creation,

dissolution of society

description::
· the-end of existance of a-society.

name::
* McsEngl.society'att057-dissolution,
* McsEngl.society'demise,
* McsEngl.society'dissolution,

millennium-3000-{2001..3000} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i1000-3000,

century-2000-{1901..2000} of society

{i100-2000}-society::
* about 150 new societies created, and about ? dissolved,
* {1991} the-WORLD-WIDE-WEB available to general public,
* {1971-08-15} president Nixon stopped conversion of dollar to gold,
* {1969-07-20} the-United-States'-Apollo-11 was the first crewed-mission that landed on the-MOON,.
* {1945} ENIAC the first digital electronic programmable turing-complete COMPUTER,
* {1939..1945} second world-war,
* {1922..1991} existed the-Union-of-Soviet-Socialist-Republics,
* {1914..1918} first world-war,
* {1903-12-17} the first flight of AIRPLANE, the Wright Flyer,
* McsEngl.{2000i100}-society,

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-2000,

century-1900-{1801..1900} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1900,

{i100-1900}-society.new::
* {1801-01-01}⇨United-Kingdom⇨The Acts of Union united the two kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland to create the UK of Great Britain and Ireland
* {1804-01-01}⇨Haiti⇨The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti
* {1804-08-11}⇨Austria⇨Proclamation of the Austrian Empire
* {1804}⇨Serbia⇨Revolutionary Serbia
* {1809-08-10}⇨Ecuador⇨First declaration of Independence from Spain
* {1810-04-19}⇨Venezuela⇨from Spain declared
* {1810-07-20}⇨Colombia⇨Colombia declares independence from Spain
* {1810-07-20}⇨Colombia⇨Independence declared from Spain
* {1810-09-16}⇨Mexico⇨from Spain declared
* {1811-05-14}⇨Paraguay⇨from Spain declared
* {1814-01-01}⇨Norway⇨Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark
* {1814}⇨Andorra⇨from French-Empire
* {1815-08-24}⇨Netherlands⇨Adoption of the constitution of the UK of the Netherlands
* {1815}⇨Germany⇨German Confederation founded
* {1815}⇨Serbia⇨Principality of Serbia
* {1816-07-09}⇨Argentina⇨Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain
* {1818-01-01}⇨Chile⇨Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
* {1819-08-07}⇨Colombia⇨Independence recognized by Spain
* {1821-03-25}⇨Greece⇨Greek Revolution starts
* {1821-07-28}⇨Peru⇨from Spain declared
* {1821-09-15}⇨Costa-Rica⇨Costa Rica declared independence from Spain
* {1821-09-27}⇨Mexico⇨Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
* {1822-01-01}⇨Greece⇨First Hellenic Republic proclaimed
* {1825-08-06}⇨Bolivia⇨Bolivian War of Independence from Spain
* {1825-08-25}⇨Uruguay⇨from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the River Plate (current Argentina)
* {1825-08-29}⇨Brazil⇨Independence recognized by Portugal
* {1828-08-27}⇨Uruguay⇨Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
* {1830-01-01}⇨Colombia⇨Dissolution of Gran Colombia
* {1830-01-13}⇨Venezuela⇨Dissolution of Gran Colombia
* {1830-02-03}⇨Greece⇨recognised by the London Protocol as Kingdom-of-Greece
* {1830-10-04}⇨Belgium⇨Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government
* {1831-01-01}⇨Spain⇨Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain
* {1836-12-28}⇨Mexico⇨Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
* {1838-10-26}⇨Honduras⇨from Federal Republic of Central America
* {1838-11-05}⇨Nicaragua⇨from Federal Republic of Central America
* {1839-04-17}⇨Guatemala⇨from Federal Republic of Central America declared
* {1839-04-19}⇨Luxembourg⇨Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
* {1841-02-18}⇨El-Salvador⇨El Salvador was internationally recognized
* {1844-02-27}⇨Dominican-Republic⇨The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
* {1844-04-25}⇨Chile⇨Independence recognized by Spain
* {1844-07-21}⇨Bolivia⇨Independence recognized by Spain
* {1845-03-30}⇨Venezuela⇨Independence recognized by Spain
* {1847-07-26}⇨Liberia⇨from American Colonization Society
* {1859-01-24}⇨Romania⇨Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman-Empire
* {1861-01-01}⇨Monaco⇨Franco-Monegasque Treaty confirms Monaco's sovereignty (formerly a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia)
* {1861-03-17}⇨Italy⇨Italian unification
* {1866-08-23}⇨Liechtenstein⇨eparation from German-Confederation
* {1867-07-01}⇨Canada⇨Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation
* {1870-07-19}⇨Uruguay⇨Independence recognized by Spain
* {1871-01-18}⇨Germany⇨German Empire founded
* {1878-07-13}⇨Bulgaria⇨Autonomy within Ottoman-Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin
* {1878-07-13}⇨Montenegro⇨Independence officially confirmed by Ottoman-Empire internationally by the Treaty of Berlin other countries recognized earlier
* {1878-07-13}⇨Romania⇨International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin
* {1878-12-18}⇨Qatar⇨from the Ottoman-Empire
* {1878}⇨Serbia⇨Independence recognized
* {1879-08-14}⇨Peru⇨from Spain recognized
* {1880-09-10}⇨Paraguay⇨from Spain recognized
* {1882}⇨Serbia⇨Kingdom of Serbia
* {1885}⇨Bhutan⇨Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan
* {1886-08-04}⇨Colombia⇨Creation of the Republic of Colombia
* {1886-08-08}⇨Colombia⇨Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic
* {1890-11-23}⇨Luxembourg⇨Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right
* {1898-06-12}⇨Philippines⇨The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish-Empire
* {1898-12-10}⇨Cuba⇨Spain loses the war against United States and the military occupation of Cuba by USA begins
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1900i100}-society'new,

century-1800-{1701..1800} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1800,

{i100-1800}-society.new::
* {1707-05-01}⇨United-Kingdom⇨Kingdom of Great Britain
* {1744-01-01}⇨Saudi-Arabia⇨Establishment of the First Saudi State
* {1752-01-01}⇨Kuwait⇨Establishment of the Sheikhdom-of-Kuwait
* {1767-11-06}⇨Thailand⇨Salvage independence by Great king Taksin consist of Expulsion of Burmese and Establish a new kingdom together with reunification of Thailand
* {1768-09-25}⇨Nepal⇨Nepali unification
* {1776-07-04}⇨United-States⇨from Great Britain declared
* {1782-04-06}⇨Thailand⇨Rattanakosin Kingdom
* {1783-09-03}⇨United-States⇨from Great Britain recognized
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1800i100}-society'new,

century-1700-{1601..1700} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1700,

{i100-1700}-society.new::
* {1650-01-26}⇨Oman⇨Expulsion of the Portuguese
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1700i100}-society'new,

century-1600-{1501..1600} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1600,

{i100-1600}-society.new::
* {1523-06-06}⇨Sweden⇨Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union
* {1542}⇨Ireland⇨Foundation of the Kingdom of Ireland
* {1581-07-26}⇨Netherlands⇨Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1600i100}-society'new,

century-1500-{1401..1500} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1500,

{i100-1500}-society.new::
* {1479}⇨Spain⇨Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1500i100}-society'new,

century-1400-{1301..1400} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1400,

{i100-1400}-society.new::
* {1346}⇨Serbia⇨Medieval empire
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1400i100}-society'new,

century-1300-{1201..1300} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1300,

{i100-1300}-society.new::
* {1206-01-01}⇨Mongolia⇨Mongol Empire formed
* {1217}⇨Serbia⇨Medieval kingdom
* {1243}⇨San-Marino⇨The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent ('Capitani Reggenti') as a joint heads of state
* {1253-01-01}⇨Lithuania⇨Coronation of King Mindaugas (state established some time earlier, perhaps in the 1230s)
* {1274-01-01}⇨Vatican-City⇨Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274
* {1278-09-08}⇨Andorra⇨from Aragon
* {1291-01-01}⇨Switzerland⇨Traditional founding
* {1299-01-01}⇨Turkey⇨The foundation of the Turkish State of the Ottoman-Empire
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1300i100}-society'new,

century-1200-{1101..1200} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1200,

{i100-1200}-society.new::
* {1139-07-26}⇨Portugal⇨County of Portugal becomes independent from the Kingdom of Leσn after the Battle of Ourique as part of the Reconquista. Recognized by Leσn in 1143 and by the Pope in 1179
* {1154-01-01}⇨Bosnia-and-Herzegovina⇨Formation of the Banate of Bosnia
* {1185-01-01}⇨Bulgaria⇨Second Bulgarian Empire formed
* {1190}⇨Albania⇨Principality of Arbλr was established by archon Progon
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1200i100}-society'new,

century-1100-{1001..1100} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1100,

{i100-1100}-society.new::
* {1008-01-01}⇨Georgia⇨Establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia
* {1025-01-01}⇨Poland⇨formation of the Kingdom of Poland by Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry
* {1077-01-01}⇨Montenegro⇨Formation of Kingdom of Duklja/Zeta by King Mihajlo I
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1100i100}-society'new,

century-1000-{0901..1000} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-1000,

{i100-1000}-society.new::
* {0900}⇨Ethiopia⇨Zagwe dynasty
* {0925}⇨Croatia⇨Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
* {0930}⇨Iceland⇨The Icelandic Commonwealth established and first meeting held of the Althingi (Parliament)
* {0962}⇨Germany⇨East Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire)
* {0970}⇨Sweden⇨Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king
* {1000}⇨Hungary⇨Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{1000i100}-society'new,

century-0900-{0801..0900} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0900,

{i100-0900}-society.new::
* {0843}⇨Germany⇨Creation of East Francia
* {0872}⇨Norway⇨King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway
* {0880}⇨Armenia⇨Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty
* {0882}⇨Ukraine⇨Formation of the Kievan Rus'
* {0882}⇨Russia⇨Formation of the Kievan Rus'
* {0888-01-02}⇨Italy⇨Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state of the dissolved Carolingian Empire
* {0895}⇨Czech-Republic⇨Independence from Great-Moravia
* {0895}⇨Hungary⇨Principality of Hungary formed
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0900i100}-society'new,

century-0800-{0701..0800} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0800,

{i100-0800}-society.new::
* {0762}⇨Iraq⇨The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries
* {0777}⇨Denmark⇨Various Danish kings are mentioned throughout the 8th century
* {0780}⇨Serbia⇨Medieval principality
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0800i100}-society'new,

century-0700-{0601..0700} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0700,

{i100-0700}-society.new::
* {0626}⇨Croatia⇨Formation of Duchy-of-Croatia
* {0632}⇨Bulgaria⇨Formation of Old Great-Bulgaria
* {0681}⇨Bulgaria⇨First Bulgarian-Empire formed
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0700i100}-society'new,

century-0600-{0501..0600} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0600,

{i100-0600}-society.new::
* {0519}⇨United-Kingdom⇨Kingdom of Wessex Kingdom of England
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0600i100}-society'new,

century-0500-{0401..0500} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0500,

{i100-0500}-society.new::
* {0476-08-23}⇨Italy⇨Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state created after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
* {0481}⇨France⇨First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0500i100}-society'new,

century-0400-{0301..0400} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0400,

{i100-0400}-society.new::
* {0400}⇨Japan⇨During the subsequent Kofun period, most of Japan gradually unified under a single kingdom
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{0400i100}-society'new,

century-0300-{0201..0300} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0300,

century-0200-{0101..0200} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0200,

century-0100-{0001..0100} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-0100,

century-Bce0100-{Bce0001..Bce0100} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0100,

century-Bce0200-{Bce0101..Bce0200} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0200,

century-Bce0300-{Bce0201..Bce0300} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0300,

{i100-Bce0300}-society.new::
* {Bce0221}⇨China⇨In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China
[{2020-12-07} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation]
* McsEngl.{i100.Bce0300}-society'new,

century-Bce0400-{Bce0301..Bce0400} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0400,

century-Bce0500-{Bce0401..Bce0500} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0500,

century-Bce0600-{Bce0501..Bce0600} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0600,

century-Bce0700-{Bce0601..Bce0700} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0700,

century-Bce0800-{Bce0701..Bce0800} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0800,

century-Bce0900-{Bce0801..Bce0900} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce0900,

century-Bce1000-{Bce0901..Bce1000} of society

name::
* McsEngl.Socevg'i100-Bce1000,

society.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.society.specific,

addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state,
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_by_year,
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states,

specific::
* international-society,

society.admn.autonomous (link)

society.admn.centralized

description::
· centralized-society is a-human-society with a-centralized-governance-sys.

name::
* McsEngl.centralized-society!⇒socGvcCentr,
* McsEngl.socCentralized!⇒socGvcCentr,
* McsEngl.socGvcCentr!=centralized-governance-society,
* McsEngl.society.004-centralized!⇒socGvcCentr,
* McsEngl.society.gvc.centralized!⇒socGvcCentr,
* McsEngl.society.centralized!⇒socGvcCentr,

society.admn.centralizedNo

description::
· decentralized-society is a-human-society with a-decentralized-governance-sys.

name::
* McsEngl.centralizedNo-society!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.decentralized-society!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.self-governing--society!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.socCentralizedNo!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.socDecentralized!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.socGvcDcntr!=decentralized-governance-society,
* McsEngl.society.005-centralizedNo!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.society.centralizedNo!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.society.gvc.centralizedNo!⇒socGvcDcntr,
* McsEngl.society.self-governing!⇒socGvcDcntr,

descriptionLong::
">decentralized society:
A decentralized society refers to a social and organizational structure in which power, authority, and decision-making are distributed among multiple individuals or entities rather than concentrated in a central authority. This concept can apply to various aspects of society, including governance, economics, and technology. Here are some key aspects of a decentralized society:

1. **Decentralized Governance:**
- Political power is distributed among various levels of government or even among communities.
- Decision-making processes involve broad participation and may use technologies like blockchain for transparency and accountability.
- Local autonomy and self-governance are emphasized.

2. **Economic Decentralization:**
- Economic activities are not controlled by a few centralized entities, but rather involve a distributed network of businesses, cooperatives, and individuals.
- Local economies and small businesses play a significant role.
- Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology can be used to create decentralized financial systems.

3. **Information and Communication:**
- Information is not controlled by a central authority, allowing for diverse sources of news and knowledge.
- Social media and decentralized communication platforms can empower individuals to share information without reliance on centralized platforms.

4. **Technology:**
- Decentralized technologies, such as blockchain, aim to eliminate the need for a central authority in various applications, like finance (cryptocurrencies), supply chain management, and more.
- The internet can be decentralized, allowing for peer-to-peer communication without intermediaries.

5. **Education and Knowledge:**
- Knowledge and education are widely accessible, and the control of educational resources is distributed.
- Open educational resources and decentralized learning platforms contribute to accessible education for all.

6. **Environmental Sustainability:**
- Decentralized systems can contribute to environmental sustainability by promoting local and renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on centralized, resource-intensive systems.

7. **Social Collaboration:**
- Collaboration and decision-making involve a wide range of stakeholders rather than being dictated from the top down.
- Social networks and collaborative platforms support decentralized social interactions.

The concept of a decentralized society is often associated with ideals of increased individual empowerment, resilience, and the reduction of concentrations of power. However, it's essential to note that achieving a fully decentralized society can be complex and may involve addressing various social, political, and economic challenges. Additionally, there can be trade-offs between decentralization and efficiency, and finding the right balance is a continual challenge."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/7947b809-9877-42bf-b7ee-8a88d92810cb]
===
">self-governing society:
A self-governing society typically refers to a community or political entity in which the individuals within that society actively participate in making decisions that affect the collective. In such a system, people have a significant degree of autonomy and control over the rules, regulations, and policies that govern their lives. Here are some key features and considerations associated with a self-governing society:

1. **Decentralized Decision-Making:** Decision-making authority is distributed among the members of the society rather than being concentrated in a central authority. This decentralization can take various forms, such as direct democracy, consensus decision-making, or other participatory mechanisms.

2. **Citizen Participation:** Citizens actively engage in the political process, contributing to the formulation and implementation of laws and policies. This often involves regular participation in town hall meetings, community forums, and other democratic processes.

3. **Rule of Law:** While a self-governing society empowers individuals to participate in decision-making, there is still a need for a legal framework to ensure order, protect individual rights, and resolve disputes. The rule of law provides a foundation for governance, even in a system where citizens have a high degree of self-determination.

4. **Community Cooperation:** A self-governing society often emphasizes collaboration and cooperation among its members. Community-based initiatives and collective action play a crucial role in addressing common challenges and achieving shared goals.

5. **Transparency and Accountability:** Openness and transparency in decision-making processes are essential in a self-governing society. Additionally, mechanisms for holding individuals accountable for their actions are crucial to maintaining trust within the community.

6. **Education and Informed Citizenship:** An educated and informed citizenry is fundamental to the success of a self-governing society. Access to information, critical thinking skills, and civic education contribute to the ability of individuals to make informed decisions.

7. **Social Contract:** The concept of a social contract is often integral to self-governance. This contract outlines the rights and responsibilities of individuals within the community and establishes the basis for collective decision-making.

8. **Flexibility and Adaptability:** A self-governing society needs to be adaptable to changing circumstances. This flexibility allows the community to address emerging issues and challenges effectively.

It's important to note that the degree of self-governance can vary widely, and different societies may implement these principles in different ways. Systems of self-governance can range from small, local communities to larger political entities."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/da332882-0d3c-4cb1-9470-fce457d0c197]

society.admn.state

description::
"The development of states was driven by a number of factors, including the need to manage complex irrigation systems, collect taxes from a large population, and defend against external threats. The first states emerged around 3,000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt."
[{2023-12-17 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/57defdd59c662de4]

name::
* McsEngl.socGvcCentr.state!⇒socState,
* McsEngl.socState!=state--society,
* McsEngl.society.026-state!⇒socState,
* McsEngl.society.state!⇒socState,
* McsEngl.state-society!⇒socState,

humans-sys of socState

description::
· the-systems of humans of a-socState.

name::
* McsEngl.socState'humans,

place of socState

description::
· the-defined territory of a-socState.

name::
* McsEngl.socState'place,

satisfier-sys of socState

description::
· the-systems of satisfiers (production, distribution).

name::
* McsEngl.socState'economy,

state--governance-sys of socState

description::
· the-governance-system.

name::
* McsEngl.gvcState!=state--governance-sys,
* McsEngl.socState'state!⇒gvcState,

socState.SPECIFIC

description::
* city-socState,
* empire-socState,
* nation-socState,

name::
* McsEngl.socState'specific,

socState.sovereign

description::
">quantity of sovereign states:
According to the United Nations, there are 195 sovereign states in the world, as of June 23, 2023. These states are recognized by the international community as having their own territory, government, and people. They are free to conduct their own foreign policy and are not subject to the authority of any other state.
The number of sovereign states has changed over time, with new states being created and existing states merging or dissolving. The most recent additions to the list of sovereign states are South Sudan (2011), Kosovo (2008), Montenegro (2006), East Timor (2002), and Czech Republic and Slovakia (1993).
The number of sovereign states is likely to continue to change in the future, as the world becomes more interconnected and new political entities emerge."
[{2023-12-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/b5e59ca2caf0c100]

name::
* McsEngl.society.035-sovereign!⇒socStateSov,
* McsEngl.society.sovereign!⇒socStateSov,
* McsEngl.socState.sovereign!⇒socStateSov,
* McsEngl.socStateSov!=sovereign-state,
* McsEngl.sovereign-state!⇒socStateSov,

socState.sovereignNo

description::
">quantity of non-sovereign states:
There are two main categories of non-sovereign states:

**Autonomous regions** are administrative divisions of sovereign states that have a degree of self-governance. They may have their own laws, currency, and government, but they are ultimately subject to the authority of the sovereign state. Examples of autonomous regions include Greenland (Denmark), Puerto Rico (United States), and Aland Islands (Finland).

**Dependent territories** are non-self-governing territories that are controlled by sovereign states. They may have limited self-governance, but they do not have full sovereignty. Examples of dependent territories include Guam (United States), Bermuda (United Kingdom), and French Polynesia (France).

There are 65 dependent territories in the world, according to the United Nations. This number can change over time, as new territories are created or existing territories gain or lose independence.
Here is a table of the number of sovereign states and dependent territories in the world:
| Category | Number |
| Sovereign states | 195 |
| Autonomous regions | 25 |
| Dependent territories | 65 |
Total | 285 |"
[{2023-12-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/b5e59ca2caf0c100]

name::
* McsEngl.non-sovereign-state!⇒socStateSovNo,
* McsEngl.socState.sovereignNo!⇒socStateSovNo,
* McsEngl.society.036-sovereignNo-state!⇒socStateSovNo,
* McsEngl.society.sovereignNo-state!⇒socStateSovNo,
* McsEngl.socStateSovNo!=non-sovereign-state,
* McsEngl.socState.sovereignNo!⇒socStateSovNo,

socState.unitary

description::
"A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority. The central government may create or abolish administrative divisions (sub-national units).[1] Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. Although political power may be delegated through devolution to regional or local governments by statute, the central government may override the decisions of devolved governments, curtail their powers, or expand their powers. Unitary states in its modern concept originated in France, in the aftermath of the Hundred Years' War, national feeling that emerged from the war unified France. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a unitary state. The French then later spread unitary states by conquests, throughout Europe during and after the Napoleonic Wars, and to the world through the vast French colonial empire.[2]"
[{2023-12-23 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state]

name::
* McsEngl.socState.unitary!⇒socStateOne,
* McsEngl.society.037-unitary-state!⇒socStateOne,
* McsEngl.society.unitary-state!⇒socStateOne,
* McsEngl.socState.unitary!⇒socStateOne,
* McsEngl.socStateOne!⇒unitary-state,
* McsEngl.unitary-state!⇒socStateOne,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ενιαίο-κράτος!=socStateOne,

socState.city

description::
">overview of city-state:
A city-state is a sovereign state that comprises an urban center and its immediate hinterland (usually suburbs and settlements). It has the characteristics of a polity or a government that exercises authority over an extended area of land, while being geographically concentrated to a single location where it maintains its primary focus.
The concept of a city-state dates back to antiquity, when many civilizations, including the Ancient Greek city-states, the Phoenician city-states, and the Mesopotamian city-states, were organized in this manner.
Here are some of the key characteristics of city-states:
1. **Political:** City-states are typically independent political entities, with their own governments, laws, and armies.
2. **Economic:** City-states often have a strong commercial focus, as they are located at strategic points of trade and are able to control important resources.
3. **Cultural:** City-states can be centers of culture and innovation, as they bring together people from diverse backgrounds and provide a fertile ground for new ideas to flourish.
4. **Military:** City-states often have well-developed militaries, as they need to defend themselves from external threats.
5. **Social:** City-states can be very socially stratified, with a small elite class and a large working class.
6. **Religious:** City-states often have a strong religious identity, as they are often associated with a particular deity or pantheon.
7. **Architectural:** City-states often have impressive architectural feats, as they are able to invest in large public works projects."
[{2023-12-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/b5e59ca2caf0c100]

name::
* McsEngl.city-state!=socStateCity,
* McsEngl.socGvcCentr.city-state!=socStateCity,
* McsEngl.socState.city!=socStateCity,
* McsEngl.socStateCity!=city-state,

socState.empire

description::
"Warfare played a significant role in the evolution of state-societies. States often used military force to expand their territories, acquire resources, and subjugate neighboring populations. This process of expansion led to the formation of empires, which were large, multi-ethnic states ruled by a central authority.
The Mauryan Empire in India, the Roman Empire in Europe, and the Tang Dynasty in China are all examples of powerful empires that emerged from the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE."
[{2023-12-17 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/57defdd59c662de4]

name::
* McsEngl.empire!=empire-society,
* McsEngl.socEmpire!=empire-society,
* McsEngl.socGvcCentr.empire!=socEmpire,
* McsEngl.socState.empire!=socEmpire,
* McsEngl.society.029-empire!=socEmpire,
* McsEngl.society.empire!=socEmpire,

socState.nation

description::
· nation-state is a-socState with its members one nation.

name::
* McsEngl.nation-state,
* McsEngl.socGvcCentr.nation-state,
* McsEngl.socState.nation,
* McsEngl.socStateNation,
* McsEngl.society.030-nation-state,
* McsEngl.society.nation-state,

federation-vs-confederation

description::
"confederation vs federation:
**Confederation** and **federation** are both political systems that involve a union of states or territories. However, there are important differences between the two.

**Confederation**
A confederation is a loose association of independent states that have agreed to cooperate on certain matters. The states in a confederation retain their sovereignty, which means that they have the right to make their own laws and conduct their own affairs. The central government in a confederation is usually weak and has limited powers.
**Examples of confederations:**
* The United States under the Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)
* The Confederacy of Independent States (1861-1865)
* The Commonwealth of Nations

**Federation**
A federation is a political system in which several states or territories have agreed to form a single country. The states in a federation give up some of their sovereignty to a central government, which has the power to make laws and enforce them throughout the country. However, the states also retain a degree of autonomy, and they often have their own governments and laws.
**Examples of federations:**
* The United States
* Canada
* Australia
* Switzerland

**Here is a table summarizing the key differences between confederations and federations:**
| Feature | Confederation | Federation |
| Sovereignty | States retain sovereignty | States give up some sovereignty to the central government |
| Powers of central government | Weak central government with limited powers | Strong central government with broad powers |
| Relationship between states and central government | Loose relationship | Closer relationship with shared authority |
| Examples | United States under the Articles of Confederation, Confederacy of Independent States, Commonwealth of Nations | United States, Canada, Australia, Switzerland |

**In general, federations are more stable and durable than confederations because the central government has more power to resolve disputes and enforce laws. However, confederations may be more suitable for states that are unwilling to give up a significant amount of their sovereignty.**
I hope this helps!"
[{2023-12-27 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/3955566a69759fb1]

name::
* McsEngl.confederation-vs-federation,
* McsEngl.federation-vs-confederation,

evoluting of socStateNo

description::
">evolution of stateless societies:
The evolution of stateless societies is a complex and ongoing process, with different regions of the world experiencing different trajectories. However, there are some general trends that can be identified.

**Early Forms of Stateless Societies**
The earliest forms of stateless societies are believed to have emerged around 10,000 BCE in the context of the Neolithic Revolution, which marked a shift from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies. These societies were typically small and nomadic, with a strong reliance on kinship and communal living.
Decision-making in these societies was often based on consensus, with leaders emerging through charismatic authority or expertise in specific areas. Conflict resolution was typically handled through mediation and negotiation, with the goal of restoring harmony within the community.

**The Rise of Chiefdoms**
As agricultural productivity increased and populations grew, some stateless societies began to develop into chiefdoms. Chiefdoms are characterized by a hierarchical social structure with a chief or leader at the top. The chief often held religious authority and was responsible for mediating disputes and organizing collective activities.
Chiefdoms emerged around 4,000 to 5,000 BCE in various parts of the world, including Mesoamerica, the Andes, and the Pacific Islands. They were particularly prevalent in areas with fertile land and favorable climate conditions, which supported larger populations and the development of more complex social structures.

**The Emergence of States**
In some regions, chiefdoms gradually evolved into states, which are characterized by a centralized government with a monopoly on the use of force. States emerged around 3,000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and they were often associated with the development of large-scale irrigation systems, urban settlements, and complex trade networks.
The emergence of states was accompanied by a shift from kinship-based social structures to more bureaucratic and hierarchical systems. This shift was driven by the need to manage complex societies, enforce laws, and defend against external threats.

**The Transformation of Stateless Societies**
The evolution of stateless societies into chiefdoms and states was not a universal process. Some societies retained their stateless structure for centuries, and others have re-emerged in recent decades, particularly in response to social upheavals and the challenges of modernity.
Today, there are still numerous stateless societies around the world, particularly in remote or resource-rich areas. These societies face a variety of challenges, including encroachment from states, resource exploitation, and cultural homogenization.

**The Enduring Legacy of Stateless Societies**
Stateless societies have made significant contributions to human history and culture. They have developed sophisticated social systems, complex forms of governance, and unique cultural practices. Their resilience and adaptability offer valuable insights into the diversity and adaptability of human societies.

The evolution of stateless societies highlights the dynamic nature of human social organization. As societies adapt to changing environments, technological advancements, and political systems, new forms of social structures emerge. Understanding the historical context and diverse expressions of stateless societies can provide valuable perspectives on the evolution of human societies and the possibilities for alternative forms of governance and social organization in the future."
[{2023-12-17 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/57defdd59c662de4]

">evolution of stateless societies:
The evolution of stateless societies, also known as non-state societies, provides an interesting perspective on human social organization. Stateless societies range from simple bands and tribes to complex chiefdoms, and they have existed throughout human history, often predating more centralized state structures. The evolution of these societies can be understood through various stages:

1. **Hunter-Gatherer Bands**: The earliest form of human social organization, dating back to prehistoric times, was the band society. These were small, usually nomadic groups with a fluid and egalitarian structure, primarily focused on hunting and gathering for survival. Leadership was informal, based on personal qualities rather than a formal position of authority.

2. **Tribal Societies**: As human groups grew in number, tribal societies emerged. These were larger than bands and typically organized around kinship lines. Tribes had more formalized social structures and cultural practices but remained relatively egalitarian. Leadership roles, often based on kinship or achievement, were more pronounced but not centralized.

3. **Chiefdoms**: Chiefdoms represent a more complex form of stateless society. They were larger than tribes and had a hierarchical structure with a clear leader or chief, who wielded significant authority and control over resources. Unlike states, however, chiefdoms did not have a formalized government or bureaucracy.

4. **Complex Chiefdoms and Early States**: Some chiefdoms evolved into more complex entities, blurring the line between stateless societies and early states. These complex chiefdoms had more layers of hierarchy, specialized roles, and sometimes rudimentary forms of bureaucracy and law. The transition to a state often involved the emergence of formal institutions, written laws, and more defined territorial boundaries.

5. **Agricultural Revolution and Sedentism**: The shift from nomadic to settled agricultural lifestyles played a crucial role in this evolution. The Agricultural Revolution allowed for the support of larger populations and the accumulation of surplus resources, which in turn supported more complex societal structures.

6. **Trade and Interaction**: Increased trade and interaction between different groups facilitated the exchange of ideas, technologies, and cultural practices, influencing the development of stateless societies.

7. **Conflict and Warfare**: Conflict and warfare also played a role, as societies organized for defense or conquest. In some cases, this led to the centralization of power and the emergence of more state-like structures.

8. **Influence of External States**: The influence of neighboring states often prompted changes in stateless societies, either through direct conquest, the spread of religious or cultural practices, or the adoption of state-like features to better interact or compete with state societies.

9. **Modern Impacts**: In the modern era, most stateless societies have come under the influence or control of nation-states. However, some aspects of stateless organization persist in various forms, such as in indigenous communities or in certain communal or cooperative arrangements.

The evolution of stateless societies reflects a wide array of human adaptations to diverse environmental and social conditions. It's important to note that this evolution is not linear or universal; different societies have followed different paths, and many have coexisted with state societies in various forms throughout history."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/406be8e1-9e4c-40b1-9c60-efe9d0846f9a]

name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-socStateNo,
* McsEngl.socStateNo'evoluting,

socSupra.SPECIFIC

description::
* EU!=European-Union,

name::
* McsEngl.socSupra.specific,

admin-sys of socCaliphate

description::
">administration of caliphates:
The administration of caliphates varied over time and between different caliphates, but some general patterns can be identified.
**Central Government**
The caliph was the supreme ruler of the caliphate. He was considered to be the successor to the Prophet Muhammad and was responsible for upholding Islamic law, expanding the caliphate, and defending the ummah, the Muslim community. The caliph was assisted by a bureaucracy of government officials, who were responsible for administering the caliphate's affairs.
**Provincial Administration**
The caliphate was divided into provinces, which were governed by appointed governors. The governors were responsible for maintaining order in their provinces, collecting taxes, and enforcing Islamic law. They were also responsible for appointing judges and other local officials.
**Taxation**
The caliphate's main source of revenue was taxation. The caliphs levied various taxes on their subjects, including a zakat, or alms tax, a jizya, or non-Muslim poll tax, and a kharaj, or land tax.
**Military**
The caliphate had a large and well-equipped military, which was responsible for defending the caliphate's borders and expanding its territory. The military was divided into infantry, cavalry, and artillery units.
**Judicial System**
The caliphate had a centralized judicial system, which was based on Islamic law, or Shari'a. Judges, known as qadis, were appointed to administer justice in the caliphate's courts.
**Social Welfare**
The caliphate was responsible for the welfare of its citizens. The caliphs built hospitals, schools, and orphanages, and they provided food and shelter to the poor and the needy.
**Cultural and Scientific Development**
The caliphate was a major center of cultural and scientific development. The caliphs patronized scholars and scientists, and they established libraries and universities. The caliphate contributed to the development of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy.
**Overall, the administration of caliphates was characterized by a strong central government, a well-organized bureaucracy, a complex tax system, a powerful military, a centralized judicial system, a commitment to social welfare, and a significant contribution to cultural and scientific development.**
**Here is a table summarizing the main features of caliphate administration:**
| Feature | Description |
| Central Government | The caliph was the supreme ruler of the caliphate. |
| Provincial Administration | The caliphate was divided into provinces, which were governed by appointed governors. |
| Taxation | The caliphate's main source of revenue was taxation. |
| Military | The caliphate had a large and well-equipped military. |
| Judicial System | The caliphate had a centralized judicial system based on Islamic law. |
| Social Welfare | The caliphate was responsible for the welfare of its citizens. |
| Cultural and Scientific Development | The caliphate was a major center of cultural and scientific development. |"
[{2024-01-07 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/d33eef738a3245ab]

name::
* McsEngl.socCaliphate'administration,

society.kinship

description::
"kinship societies:
Kinship societies are societies in which kinship, or the relationships between individuals based on common ancestry or marriage, is the primary organizing principle of social life. In these societies, kinship ties determine an individual's social status, rights, and obligations. They also provide a framework for cooperation, mutual support, and conflict resolution.

**Key Features of Kinship Societies**
* **Social Groups Based on Kinship:** Kinship societies are typically divided into social groups based on family ties. These groups may include extended families, clans, and lineages.
* **Inheritance and Descent:** Kinship systems often determine inheritance patterns and descent rules. This means that property and other assets are passed down through family lines, and individuals are assigned social roles based on their descent group.
* **Marriage and Alliance:** Marriage is a crucial social institution in kinship societies, as it creates new ties between families and clans. Marriage alliances can strengthen cooperation and political alliances between groups.
* **Naming Systems:** Kinship systems often involve specific naming systems that reflect the individual's place in the kinship network. These systems may indicate an individual's descent group, age, or gender.

**Types of Kinship Systems**
There are two main types of kinship systems:
* **Lineal descent:** In lineal descent systems, individuals are affiliated with their kin based on either their father's (patrilineal) or mother's (matrilineal) line. This means that they inherit property and pass on their social identity through the same line.
* **Bilateral descent:** In bilateral descent systems, individuals are considered members of both their father's and mother's extended families. This means that they have kinship ties and obligations to both sides of their family.

**Examples of Kinship Societies**
Many small-scale societies around the world are organized according to kinship principles. These include:
* **Indigenous Australian societies:** Traditional Australian Aboriginal communities are organized into kinship groups known as moieties and subsections. These groups regulate marriage and establish social networks.
* **Native American societies:** Many Native American tribes have matrilineal kinship systems, with clans and descent groups tracing their lineage through the female line.
* **African societies:** Some African societies, such as the Nuer of Sudan, have complex kinship systems that combine both patrilineal and matrilineal descent principles.

**Significance of Kinship Societies**
Kinship systems play a vital role in maintaining social order and cooperation in kinship societies. They provide a framework for resolving disputes, organizing labor, and transmitting knowledge and cultural traditions. Kinship ties also provide individuals with a sense of belonging and support within their communities."
[{2023-12-26 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/20a82b0c173eaf1c]

name::
* McsEngl.society.blood,
* McsEngl.society.040-kinship,
* McsEngl.society.kinship,

society.hunter-gatherer

description::
">hunter-gatherer societies:
Hunter-gatherer societies are human communities that rely primarily on wild foods for subsistence, typically through a combination of hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. They represent the oldest form of human social organization, predating agriculture and the development of permanent settlements. Here's an overview of various aspects of hunter-gatherer societies:

### Lifestyle and Social Structure
- **Nomadic or Semi-nomadic**: Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic, moving within a certain area to exploit seasonal food resources.
- **Small Groups**: They typically live in small, mobile groups (bands) consisting of a few families. The size of the group is often limited by the carrying capacity of the environment.
- **Egalitarianism**: Hunter-gatherer societies are generally egalitarian, with minimal hierarchical structure. Status is often based on age, gender, hunting skill, or knowledge of the environment.
- **Division of Labor**: There is usually a division of labor based on gender and age, with men primarily involved in hunting and women in gathering. However, this division is not strict, and roles can overlap.

### Economic and Environmental Practices
- **Subsistence Living**: Their economy is based on subsistence; they consume what they gather and hunt without much surplus for trade.
- **Sustainable Practices**: They typically have an intimate knowledge of their environment and practice sustainable methods of harvesting resources.
- **Seasonal Movement**: Their movement patterns and lifestyle are often closely tied to the seasons and the migratory patterns of animals.

### Cultural and Spiritual Aspects
- **Rich Oral Traditions**: They often have rich oral traditions, with knowledge, cultural values, and history passed down through storytelling.
- **Spiritual Beliefs**: Spiritual beliefs are often deeply connected to the natural world, with animistic or totemic elements.
- **Art and Music**: Artistic expression, often inspired by nature and spiritual beliefs, is common, including rock art, body painting, and music.

### Health and Diet
**Varied Diet**: Their diet is typically diverse, relying on a wide range of plants and animals, which contributes to good nutrition.
- **Physical Fitness**: The hunter-gatherer lifestyle usually involves a high level of physical activity, contributing to overall health.
- **Low Prevalence of Modern Diseases**: Many lifestyle-related diseases common in industrialized societies are rare among hunter-gatherers.

### Modern Context and Challenges
- **Diminishing Lands**: Many contemporary hunter-gatherer societies face challenges due to loss of traditional lands, often due to encroachment, deforestation, and state policies.
- **Cultural Erosion**: Globalization, modernization, and interaction with more dominant cultures and economies threaten their traditional ways of life.
- **Legal and Rights Issues**: Hunter-gatherers often struggle with legal rights, especially in terms of land ownership and the right to pursue their traditional way of life.

### Notable Examples
- **!Kung San** of the Kalahari Desert
- **Hadza** of Tanzania
- **Inuit** of the Arctic regions
- **Yanomami** of the Amazon rainforest

Hunter-gatherer societies offer valuable insights into the diversity of human adaptation and the ways in which societies can live in close harmony with their environment. However, they also highlight the challenges faced by indigenous and traditional ways of life in the modern world."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/406be8e1-9e4c-40b1-9c60-efe9d0846f9a]

name::
* McsEngl.hunter-gatherer--society!⇒socHrgr,
* McsEngl.socHrgr!=hunter-gatherer--society,
* McsEngl.society.015-hunter-gatherer!⇒socHrgr,
* McsEngl.society.hunter-gatherer!⇒socHrgr,

society.agricultural

description::
"An agrarian society, or agricultural society, is any community whose economy is based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland. Another way to define an agrarian society is by seeing how much of a nation's total production is in agriculture. In agrarian society, cultivating the land is the primary source of wealth. Such a society may acknowledge other means of livelihood and work habits but stresses the importance of agriculture and farming. Agrarian societies have existed in various parts of the world as far back as 10,000 years ago and continue to exist today. They have been the most common form of socio-economic organization for most of recorded human history."
[{2024-01-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_society]

name::
* McsEngl.agrarian-society!⇒socAgri,
* McsEngl.agricultural-society!⇒socAgri,
* McsEngl.socAgri!=agricultural-society,
* McsEngl.society.016-agriculture!⇒socAgri,
* McsEngl.society.agriculture,

society.pastoral

description::
">pastoral societies:
Pastoral societies are societies that rely on the raising of livestock for their livelihood. These societies are typically found in arid or semi-arid regions where agriculture is not possible. Pastoralists move their herds of animals from place to place in search of pasture and water.

**Characteristics of Pastoral Societies**
Pastoral societies are characterized by the following features:
* **Transhumance:** Pastoralists typically practice transhumance, which is the seasonal movement of herds to different grazing lands. This allows them to take advantage of different types of vegetation and to avoid overgrazing.
* **Livestock as a source of food, clothing, and shelter:** Pastoralists rely on their livestock for food, clothing, and shelter. They also use their animals for transportation and for producing goods such as milk, cheese, and wool.
* **Strong social organization:** Pastoral societies typically have strong social organization, which is necessary for managing the herds, ensuring fair distribution of resources, and resolving conflicts.
* **Cultural adaptations to nomadic lifestyle:** Pastoralists have developed a number of cultural adaptations to their nomadic lifestyle, such as the use of lightweight and portable shelters, the development of specialized breeds of livestock, and the ability to live with limited supplies of water and food.

**Examples of Pastoral Societies**
There are many examples of pastoral societies around the world, including:
* **The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania:** The Maasai are a semi-nomadic pastoralist group who raise cattle, goats, and sheep. They are known for their distinctive warrior culture and their complex social organization.
* **The Bedouins of the Middle East:** The Bedouins are a nomadic pastoralist group who raise camels, sheep, and goats. They are known for their hospitality and their resilience in the harsh desert environment.
* **The Mongols of Central Asia:** The Mongols were a nomadic pastoralist empire that conquered a vast territory in the 13th and 14th centuries. They were known for their horsemanship, their military prowess, and their nomadic lifestyle.

**Challenges and Opportunities for Pastoral Societies**
Pastoral societies face a number of challenges in the modern world, including:
* **Habitat loss and fragmentation:** Pastoral lands are increasingly being converted into agricultural lands, mining sites, or urban areas. This is leading to habitat loss and fragmentation, which is making it difficult for pastoralists to maintain their livelihoods.
* **Competition for resources:** Pastoralists are often competing with other groups, such as farmers, industrial users, and conservationists, for access to resources such as land, water, and pasture.
* **Globalization:** The globalization of markets is putting pressure on pastoralists to adopt more market-based economies, which can be difficult for traditional pastoralist societies.

Despite these challenges, pastoral societies also have a number of opportunities in the modern world. They can play a vital role in sustainable development, as they are well-suited to managing arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They can also contribute to cultural diversity and to the development of new products and technologies."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/57defdd59c662de4]

name::
* McsEngl.pastoral-society!⇒socPastoral,
* McsEngl.socPastoral!=pastoral-society,
* McsEngl.society.022-pastoral!⇒socPastoral,
* McsEngl.society.pastoral!⇒socPastoral,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ποιμενική-κοινωνία!η!=socPastoral,

society.commodity

description::
">commodity society:
A commodity society is a society in which goods and services are predominantly produced and exchanged for money. This is in contrast to a gift economy, where goods and services are instead exchanged without the use of money. Commodity societies are characterized by a high degree of specialization and division of labor, as well as a market economy.
**Key Features of Commodity Societies**
* **Production for exchange:** Goods and services are primarily produced for the purpose of being sold in a market.
* **Money as a medium of exchange:** Money serves as a common denominator for valuing and exchanging goods and services.
* **Specialization and division of labor:** Individuals specialize in particular tasks, and these tasks are combined to produce complex goods and services.
* **Market economy:** Prices are determined by the interaction of supply and demand in the market.
**Impact of Commodity Societies**
Commodity societies have a profound impact on society in many ways. Some of the positive impacts include:
* **Increased productivity:** The specialization and division of labor can lead to increased productivity, as individuals can focus on tasks they are skilled at.
* **Expanded choices:** A market economy provides consumers with a wide variety of choices for goods and services.
* **Economic growth:** Commodity societies are often associated with economic growth.
However, commodity societies also have some negative impacts, including:
* **Social inequality:** The gap between the rich and the poor can widen in a commodity society.
* **Environmental degradation:** The production of goods and services can have a negative impact on the environment.
* **Loss of community:** The emphasis on individualism and competition in a market economy can lead to a loss of community ties.
**Marxism and Commodity Fetishism**
Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism, argued that commodity societies are characterized by commodity fetishism. This is the idea that the value of a commodity is seen as being inherent in the object itself, rather than being the result of the labor that went into producing it. Marx argued that commodity fetishism leads to a distorted view of society, in which people become alienated from their labor and from each other.
**Alternatives to Commodity Societies**
Some people argue that commodity societies are unsustainable and that we need to move towards alternative economic systems, such as a gift economy or a post-scarcity economy. These alternative systems would be based on different principles than commodity societies, such as cooperation, mutual aid, and sharing.
**Conclusion**
Commodity societies are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon with both positive and negative impacts. It is important to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of this type of society in order to make informed decisions about our economic future."
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/38f0900df25a9974]

name::
* McsEngl.commodity-society!⇒socCmdt,
* McsEngl.socCmdt!=commodity-society,
* McsEngl.society.023-commodity!⇒socCmdt,
* McsEngl.society.commodity!⇒socCmdt,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.εμπορευματική-κοινωνία!η!=socCmdt,

society.commodityNo

description::
">non commodity societies:
Non-commodity societies, in contrast to commodity-based economies where goods and services are produced primarily for exchange or sale in a market, operate on different principles. These societies are characterized by alternative economic structures and value systems. Understanding them involves exploring several key types and characteristics:

1. **Subsistence Economies**: These societies are centered around producing goods primarily for personal or community use rather than for exchange. Agriculture, hunting, gathering, and fishing are common means of subsistence. The focus is on meeting direct needs rather than generating surplus for trade.

2. **Gift Economies**: In a gift economy, goods and services are given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards. This doesn't mean there's no expectation of a return, but the return is often indirect and based on social norms and relationships. Reciprocity, communal responsibility, and social cohesion are key elements.

3. **Barter Economies**: While still involving exchange, barter economies operate without a standard medium of exchange like money. Goods and services are directly exchanged for other goods and services. Barter is common in situations where money is scarce or in informal economies.

4. **Shared Resource Economies**: These are centered on communal ownership and management of resources. Examples include commons-based economies where communities manage natural resources collectively, adhering to rules and norms that ensure sustainability and equitable access.

5. **Participatory Economics**: Also known as "parecon," this model proposes an alternative economic system based on equitable participation. It emphasizes solidarity, diversity, self-management, and ecological balance, with decision-making power distributed among all members of society.

6. **Ecological Economies**: These focus on sustainability and balance with the natural environment. Economic activity is structured around ecological principles, aiming to maintain the health of ecosystems and the planet.

7. **Time-based Economies**: In these systems, time is used as a measure of value. People exchange services based on the time taken to perform them, rather than on a monetary valuation. Time banks are a common example, where individuals trade hours of work.

8. **Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS)**: These are locally initiated, democratically organized, community-based networks for non-monetary exchange of goods and services. They often use their own currency systems designed to encourage local trade and community building.

9. **Communal Living**: In some communal living arrangements, resources are shared, and work is done collectively. The focus is on community well-being rather than individual profit.

These non-commodity societies often emphasize social relationships, community, sustainability, and the direct fulfillment of needs. They can be found historically and in contemporary settings, from traditional indigenous communities to modern intentional communities. The diversity of these societies highlights alternative approaches to organizing economic and social life, contrasting with the market-driven, commodity-focused systems dominant in much of the world today."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/406be8e1-9e4c-40b1-9c60-efe9d0846f9a]

name::
* McsEngl.commodityNo-society!⇒socCmdtNo,
* McsEngl.non-commodity-society!⇒socCmdtNo,
* McsEngl.socCmdtNo!=commodityNo-society,
* McsEngl.society.024-commodityNo!⇒socCmdtNo,
* McsEngl.society.commodityNo!⇒socCmdtNo,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μη-εμπορευματική-κοινωνία!η!=socCmdtNo,

descriptionLong::
">non commodities societies:
The concept of non-commodity societies refers to social systems in which goods and services are not primarily produced or exchanged for monetary gain. These societies are often characterized by a strong focus on communal living, reciprocity, and the production of goods for personal use or as gifts.

**Examples of Non-Commodity Societies**
There are numerous examples of non-commodity societies throughout history and across the globe. Some of the most well-known include:
* **Mbuti Pygmies:** The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo Basin are a nomadic hunter-gatherer society that has traditionally lived in small, egalitarian groups. They do not engage in trade, and their economy is based on the sharing of resources within the community.
* **Araucanians:** The Mapuche, or Araucanians, are an indigenous people of Chile and Argentina who have traditionally practiced a form of communal agriculture known as ayni. In ayni, individuals work together to cultivate land, and the resulting harvest is shared among the members of the community.
* **Zomia region:** The Zomia region is a mountainous area in Southeast Asia that encompasses parts of Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, China, and India. It is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups that have traditionally resisted state control and maintained their own distinct cultures and ways of life.

**Characteristics of Non-Commodity Societies**
Non-commodity societies are typically characterized by the following features:
* **Emphasis on communal living:** Individuals in non-commodity societies often live in small, close-knit communities, and they share a strong sense of social cohesion and mutual support.
* **Reciprocity and gift economy:** Goods and services are typically exchanged within these societies through a system of reciprocity and gift-giving. This means that individuals give to others without expecting anything in return, and the gifts are often returned in kind at a later date.
* **Production for personal use or gifting:** In non-commodity societies, individuals typically produce goods for their own personal use or to give as gifts to others. They do not produce goods primarily for the purpose of selling them for money.
* **Limited or no concept of private property:** In some non-commodity societies, there is no concept of private property, and all goods and resources are considered to be communally owned.
* **Emphasis on social harmony and cooperation:** Non-commodity societies often place a strong emphasis on social harmony and cooperation. This is reflected in their values, their social structures, and their conflict resolution mechanisms.

**Benefits of Non-Commodity Societies**
Non-commodity societies offer several potential benefits, including:
* **Reduced social inequality:** The focus on communal living and reciprocity in non-commodity societies can help to reduce social inequality and promote greater social cohesion.
* **More sustainable resource management:** By producing goods for personal use or for gifting, non-commodity societies often have a more sustainable relationship with their natural resources.
* **Greater cultural diversity:** The diversity of non-commodity societies around the world provides valuable insights into the potential for alternative ways of organizing human society.

**Challenges of Non-Commodity Societies**
Non-commodity societies also face a number of challenges, including:
* **Vulnerability to external pressures:** Non-commodity societies can be vulnerable to external pressures, such as from states or market-based economies.
* **Difficulty in maintaining large populations:** The reliance on communal living and the emphasis on non-market exchange can make it difficult for non-commodity societies to support large populations.
* **Potential for conflict:** The lack of a clear system of property rights can sometimes lead to conflict within non-commodity societies.
* **Challenges in the face of globalization:** The globalization of markets and the spread of consumerism can put pressure on non-commodity societies to adopt more market-based economic systems.

Despite these challenges, non-commodity societies continue to exist and thrive in various parts of the world. They offer valuable insights into alternative ways of organizing human society and the potential for greater social harmony, sustainability, and cultural diversity."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/57defdd59c662de4]

society.industrial

description::
"In sociology, an industrial society is a society driven by the use of technology and machinery to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the Western world in the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the agrarian societies of the pre-modern, pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are generally mass societies, and may be succeeded by an information society. They are often contrasted with traditional societies.[1]
Industrial societies use external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and scale of production.[2] The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and fossil fuel-based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding service industries.
Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburb areas with a high rate of economic activity.
These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the diminishing returns[3] of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable.[4] This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies."
[{2024-01-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society]

name::
* McsEngl.industrial-society!⇒socIndu,
* McsEngl.socIndu!=industrial-society,
* McsEngl.society.051-industrial!⇒socIndu,
* McsEngl.society.industrial!⇒socIndu,

society.industrial.before

description::
"Pre-industrial society refers to social attributes and forms of political and cultural organization that were prevalent before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, which occurred from 1750 to 1850. Pre-industrial refers to a time before there were machines and tools to help perform tasks en masse. Pre-industrial civilization dates back to centuries ago, but the main era known as the pre-industrial society occurred right before the industrial society. Pre-Industrial societies vary from region to region depending on the culture of a given area or history of social and political life. Europe was known for its feudal system and the Italian Renaissance.
The term "pre-industrial" is also used as a benchmark for environmental conditions before the development of industrial society: for example, the Paris Agreement, adopted in Paris on 12 December, 2015 and in force from 4 November, 2016, "aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels."[1] The date for the end of the "pre-industrial era" is not defined.[2]"
[{2024-01-28 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrial_society]

name::
* McsEngl.pre-industrial-society!⇒socInduBefr,
* McsEngl.society.054-industrial.before!⇒socInduBefr,
* McsEngl.society.industrial.before!⇒socInduBefr,

society.industrial.after

description::
"In sociology, the post-industrial society is the stage of society's development when the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector of the economy.
The term was originated by Alain Touraine and is closely related to similar sociological theoretical concepts such as post-Fordism, information society, knowledge economy, post-industrial economy, liquid modernity, and network society. They all can be used in economics or social science disciplines as a general theoretical backdrop in research design.
As the term has been used, a few common themes, including the ones below have begun to emerge.
* The economy undergoes a transition from the production of goods to the provision of services.
* Knowledge becomes a valued form of capital; see Human capital.
* Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy.
* Through processes of globalization and automation, the value and importance to the economy of blue-collar, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., assembly-line work) decline, and those of professional workers (e.g., scientists, creative-industry professionals, and IT professionals) grow in value and prevalence.
* Behavioral and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented (e.g., behavioral economics, information architecture, cybernetics, game theory and information theory)."
[{2024-01-22 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-industrial_society]

name::
* McsEngl.post-industrial--society!=socInduAftr,
* McsEngl.socInduAftr!=post-industrial--society,
* McsEngl.society.052-post-industrial!=socInduAftr,
* McsEngl.society.post-industrial!=socInduAftr,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μεταβιομηχανική-κοινωνία!η!=socInduAftr,

society.capitalism

description::
· capitalism is a-society with capitalist-economy.

name::
* McsEngl.capitalism!⇒socCptl,
* McsEngl.capitalist-society!⇒socCptl,
* McsEngl.socCapitalism!⇒socCptl,
* McsEngl.socCptl!=capitalist-society,
* McsEngl.society.019-capitalism!⇒socCptl,
* McsEngl.society.capitalism!⇒socCptl,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.καπιταλισμός!ο!=socCptl,
* McsElln.καπιταλιστική-κοινωνία!η!=socCptl,
* McsElln.κοινωνία-καπιταλιστική!η!=socCptl,

descriptionLong::
">capitalist society overview:
A capitalist society is an economic system where private individuals or businesses own capital goods and control the means of production. This contrasts with other economic systems like socialism or communism, where the state or collective entities control production. The central characteristics of a capitalist society include:

1. **Private Property Rights:** Individuals and businesses have the right to own and use property as they see fit. This includes resources, buildings, and intellectual property.

2. **Market Economy:** Economic activities, such as production and pricing of goods and services, are governed by the market. Supply and demand dictate prices, production levels, and distribution of goods.

3. **Profit Motive:** In capitalism, businesses operate primarily to make a profit. This profit motive drives innovation, efficiency, and economic growth.

4. **Competition:** A capitalist society thrives on competition among businesses. This competition leads to better products and services, lower prices, and more choices for consumers.

5. **Limited Government Intervention:** While the degree varies, capitalist societies generally have less government intervention in the economy compared to socialist or communist systems. Governments may regulate for safety, fairness, and environmental protection but typically do not control production or distribution of goods and services.

6. **Consumer Sovereignty:** In a capitalist society, consumers drive the market through their purchasing choices. Businesses must respond to consumer demands to remain competitive.

7. **Economic Freedom:** Individuals have the freedom to choose their employment, start a business, and make purchases. This freedom supports personal initiative and entrepreneurship.

8. **Unequal Distribution of Wealth:** Capitalism often leads to disparities in wealth and income. Successful entrepreneurs and investors can accumulate significant wealth, while others may not have the same opportunities or outcomes.

9. **Global Trade:** Capitalist economies often engage in international trade, allowing them to expand markets, acquire resources, and benefit from economies of scale.

10. **Cyclical Economic Trends:** Capitalist economies experience cycles of expansion and contraction (booms and busts) due to various factors like consumer confidence, market speculation, and changes in government policy.

Overall, a capitalist society is characterized by its emphasis on private ownership, market mechanisms, and the pursuit of profit. While it has been credited with driving significant economic growth and innovation, it also faces criticism for issues like income inequality and environmental degradation."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/d05ee713-afe2-446f-a1f9-ca4a05200640]


**Capitalist Society Overview**
Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production (e.g., factories, machines, land), competition in a free market, and the motivation to make a profit. It is the most common economic system in the world, and it has been responsible for significant economic growth and technological innovation.

**Basic Features of Capitalism**
* **Private ownership of the means of production:** This means that businesses are owned and controlled by private individuals or groups, rather than the government. This gives businesses a lot of freedom to make their own decisions about how to produce and sell goods and services.
* **Competition in a free market:** This means that businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services to consumers. This competition drives businesses to lower prices, improve quality, and innovate.
* **Motivation to make a profit:** Businesses in a capitalist system are motivated to make a profit. This profit is the difference between the revenue they receive from selling goods and services and the costs they incur to produce them.

**Positive Aspects of Capitalism**
* **Economic growth:** Capitalism has been shown to be a very effective way to generate economic growth. This is because it encourages businesses to invest in new technologies and to expand their operations.
* **Technological innovation:** Capitalism has also been a driving force behind technological innovation. This is because businesses are constantly looking for new ways to improve their products and services.
* **Individual freedom:** Capitalism gives individuals a lot of freedom to pursue their own economic interests. This can lead to a more diverse and dynamic economy.

**Negative Aspects of Capitalism**
* **Income inequality:** In a capitalist system, there is often a large gap between the rich and the poor. This is because the most successful businesses and individuals tend to amass a lot of wealth.
* **Exploitation:** Some critics argue that capitalism can lead to the exploitation of workers. This is because businesses may be tempted to pay workers low wages or to provide them with poor working conditions.
* **Market failures:** Capitalism is not immune to market failures. These are situations in which the market does not function effectively, leading to inefficient outcomes. For example, monopolies can arise in markets that are not competitive, and external costs, such as pollution, can be created by businesses.

**Capitalism and Government**
In most capitalist systems, there is some role for government. Government can play a role in regulating markets, providing public goods and services, and redistributing wealth. The amount of government intervention in a capitalist economy can vary greatly from country to country.

**Conclusion**
Capitalism is a complex and controversial economic system. It has both positive and negative aspects, and it is important to weigh these carefully when evaluating its overall impact. While capitalism has been very successful in generating economic growth and technological innovation, it has also been criticized for its tendency to create income inequality and to exploit workers. The role of government in a capitalist system is also a subject of debate. Some argue that government should play a limited role, while others believe that it should have a more active role in regulating markets, providing public goods and services, and redistributing wealth. Ultimately, the best way to manage a capitalist economy is a matter of ongoing debate and experimentation.
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/3c2d46360e8bec7e]

society.capitalism.before

description::
">pre-capitalist society:
Pre-capitalist societies are societies that existed before the development of capitalism. They can be broadly divided into two main types:
* **Pre-industrial societies** are societies that do not have the technology or infrastructure to produce goods on a large scale. They are typically based on agriculture and hunting and gathering.
* **Industrial societies** are societies that have developed the technology and infrastructure to produce goods on a large scale. They are typically based on manufacturing and commerce.
Pre-capitalist societies were characterized by a number of features, including:
* **Limited economic specialization**. Most people in pre-capitalist societies were self-sufficient, producing their own food, clothing, and shelter. There was little division of labor, and most people worked in agriculture.
* **Absence of markets**. Markets are institutions where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods and services. Pre-capitalist societies did not have well-developed markets, and most economic activity was based on barter or gift exchange.
* **Limited social stratification**. Pre-capitalist societies were typically less stratified than capitalist societies. There was less inequality in wealth and power, and social classes were not as rigidly defined.
The transition from pre-capitalist to capitalist societies began in Europe in the 16th century. This transition was driven by a number of factors, including:
* **The development of new technologies**, such as the printing press and the steam engine, which made it possible to produce goods more efficiently.
* **The rise of colonialism**, which expanded markets and provided new sources of raw materials.
* **The development of new forms of finance**, such as joint-stock companies, which allowed for the pooling of capital and the financing of large-scale projects.
The transition to capitalism had a profound impact on society. It led to the rise of a new class of wealthy capitalists, who owned the means of production. It also led to the growth of cities and the development of a new class of wage laborers.
While capitalism has brought about many benefits, such as increased productivity and economic growth, it has also created a number of problems, such as inequality, environmental degradation, and social conflict."
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/02a04fbc4727b0ba]

name::
* McsEngl.pre-capitalism-society!⇒socCptlBefr,
* McsEngl.socCptlBefr!=pre-capitalist-society,
* McsEngl.society.020-capitalism.before!⇒socCptlBefr,
* McsEngl.society.capitalism.before!⇒socCptlBefr,

society.capitalism.after

description::
">post-capitalist society:
A post-capitalist society refers to a theoretical state in which the economic and social systems have evolved or transformed from the current capitalist framework. In capitalism, private ownership, market competition, and the pursuit of profit are central. In a post-capitalist society, these elements would be significantly altered or replaced. There are various theories and visions about what post-capitalism might look like, often rooted in different ideological perspectives:

1. **Socialist or Communist Post-Capitalism**: These systems propose the elimination of private ownership of the means of production, replaced by collective or state ownership. The distribution of goods and resources would be based not on market mechanisms but on principles of equality, need, or contribution to society.

2. **Anarchist or Libertarian Socialist Post-Capitalism**: These ideologies advocate for a society without a centralized state. Economic and social activities would be organized through voluntary, cooperative associations, emphasizing direct democracy and decentralization.

3. **Technological Post-Capitalism**: Some theorists suggest that advancements in technology, especially automation and artificial intelligence, could lead to a society where the need for human labor is significantly reduced. In such a scenario, traditional capitalist concepts like labor for wages might become obsolete, and new forms of economic and social organization could emerge.

4. **Ecological Post-Capitalism**: This concept emphasizes sustainability and ecological balance. It argues for an economic system that respects environmental limits and focuses on renewable resources, moving away from the growth-centric model of capitalism.

5. **Participatory Economics (Parecon)**: This model proposes an alternative economic system where decision-making is based on the principle of participation by all citizens. It emphasizes equitable distribution, self-management, diversity of choices, and efficient allocation of resources.

6. **Universal Basic Income (UBI)**: While not a complete system in itself, UBI could be a feature of a post-capitalist society. It involves providing all citizens with a regular, unconditional sum of money, irrespective of employment status.

7. **Resource-Based Economy**: This model, popularized by The Venus Project, proposes a system in which resources are distributed based on scientific assessment of needs and sustainability, rather than through market mechanisms.

These visions share a common goal of addressing perceived flaws in capitalism, such as inequality, environmental degradation, and concentration of wealth and power. However, transitioning to a post-capitalist society raises significant challenges, both in terms of practical implementation and in overcoming resistance from those who benefit from the current system. Moreover, the viability and desirability of these systems are subjects of considerable debate and speculation."
[{2023-12-16 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/406be8e1-9e4c-40b1-9c60-efe9d0846f9a]

name::
* McsEngl.after-capitalist-society!⇒socCptlAftr,
* McsEngl.meta-capitalist-society!⇒socCptlAftr,
* McsEngl.post-capitalist-society!⇒socCptlAftr,
* McsEngl.socCptlAftr!=post-capitalist-society,
* McsEngl.society.021-capitalism.after!⇒socCptlAftr,
* McsEngl.society.capitalism.after!⇒socCptlAftr,
* McsEngl.society.post-capitalism!⇒socCptlAftr,

society.post-work

description::
">post-work society:
A post-work society is a concept where work, especially in the traditional sense of full-time employment, is no longer the central part of individuals' lives. This idea is often discussed in the context of various social, technological, and economic changes. Key aspects and considerations in discussions about a post-work society include:
1. **Technological Advancements**: Automation and artificial intelligence are rapidly advancing, potentially replacing many jobs currently performed by humans. This shift could lead to a decrease in the demand for traditional labor.
2. **Economic Implications**: A significant challenge in a post-work society is how to distribute wealth and resources when a large portion of the population does not engage in traditional paid employment. Concepts like Universal Basic Income (UBI) are often discussed as solutions to ensure financial stability.
3. **Social and Cultural Changes**: Work is not just about earning a living; it also provides a sense of purpose, structure, and social interaction. A move towards a post-work society would necessitate a cultural shift in how individuals find purpose and community.
4. **Policy and Governance**: Governments would need to adapt policies to address issues like income distribution, education, and social welfare in a society where work is less central.
5. **Environmental Impact**: Reduced emphasis on industrial work could potentially lead to more sustainable living and reduced environmental footprints, as the focus shifts away from production and consumption driven by work-related incomes.
6. **Personal Well-being and Leisure**: With more free time, individuals in a post-work society could focus on personal development, community engagement, and leisure activities, potentially leading to an overall increase in well-being.
7. **Educational System Transformation**: Education might shift focus from preparing individuals for specific careers to broader skillsets like critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence.
The transition to a post-work society raises complex questions about economic structures, social identity, and personal fulfillment. It's a multidimensional issue that touches on economics, technology, sociology, and philosophy."
[{2024-01-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/591c5693-fa3f-4f94-892c-3ced57e00038]

name::
* McsEngl.post-work--society,
* McsEngl.society.053-post-work,
* McsEngl.society.post-work,

society.autonomous (link)

society.knowledge

description::
">knowledge society:
A **knowledge society** is one that generates, shares, and makes available to all members of society knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition. In this type of society, knowledge is seen as a valuable resource that should be shared and used to solve problems and make informed decisions.
**Key characteristics of a knowledge society:**
* **Ubiquitous access to information and communication technologies (ICTs)**: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) play a crucial role in knowledge creation, sharing, and utilization. The widespread availability of computers, smartphones, and the internet has democratized access to information and knowledge, enabling individuals to connect with each other and with a vast repository of knowledge.
* **Strong emphasis on education and lifelong learning:** Knowledge societies place a high value on education and lifelong learning. Individuals are encouraged to develop their intellectual skills and knowledge bases throughout their lives. This emphasis on education empowers individuals to participate effectively in the knowledge economy and contribute to societal progress.
* **Creativity and innovation:** Knowledge societies foster a culture of creativity and innovation. Individuals are encouraged to think critically, analyze problems, and generate new ideas. This emphasis on innovation drives economic growth, social progress, and cultural development.
* **Collaboration and teamwork:** Knowledge societies recognize the value of collaboration and teamwork. Individuals are encouraged to work together to solve problems, share knowledge, and create new products and services. This emphasis on collaboration fosters innovation and leads to more effective outcomes.
**Benefits of a knowledge society:**
* **Economic growth:** Knowledge-based industries are driving economic growth in many developed and developing countries. The creation and application of new knowledge lead to the development of new products, services, and technologies that create jobs and boost economic productivity.
* **Social progress:** Knowledge societies are more likely to address social challenges such as poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation. The sharing of knowledge and expertise can help to improve healthcare, education, and access to essential services for all members of society.
* **Cultural development:** Knowledge societies foster a vibrant cultural environment. Individuals are encouraged to express themselves creatively and engage with diverse cultural traditions. This emphasis on culture promotes tolerance, understanding, and respect for different perspectives.
**Challenges of a knowledge society:**
* **Digital divide:** Not everyone has equal access to ICTs, which can create a digital divide between those who can access and utilize knowledge and those who cannot. This can exacerbate existing social inequalities and hinder economic opportunities.
* **Misinformation and disinformation:** The rapid spread of information through the internet can lead to the spread of misinformation and disinformation. This can make it difficult for individuals to discern reliable information from false or misleading content, which can have negative consequences for decision-making and social cohesion.
* **Intellectual property rights:** Protecting intellectual property rights is crucial to encourage innovation and creativity. However, overprotection of intellectual property can stifle the free flow of knowledge and hinder collaboration.
**Conclusion:**
A knowledge society has the potential to create a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable world. However, it is important to address the challenges associated with the digital age and ensure that the benefits of knowledge are shared widely. By fostering a culture of creativity, collaboration, and lifelong learning, we can create a knowledge society that benefits all members of society.
Sources
guides.co/g/welcome-to-guides/168536"
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/fd45d813db61db54]

">knowledge society:
A knowledge society refers to a social structure in which knowledge and intellectual skills are paramount in influencing economic and social policies. In a knowledge society, education and information are key assets, more significant than traditional forms of capital like land or labor. Here are a few characteristics:
1. **Education and Learning**: Education is a lifelong process in a knowledge society, and continuous learning is encouraged to keep up with rapid technological and scientific advancements.
2. **Innovation and Research**: Innovation, research, and development are vital, driving economic growth and addressing societal challenges.
3. **Information Technology**: The widespread use of information technology for knowledge dissemination, communication, and problem-solving.
4. **Intellectual Capital**: The value of intellectual capital (knowledge, expertise, and skills) surpasses that of physical or financial assets.
5. **Participatory Governance**: Informed and educated citizens participate actively in decision-making processes, often facilitated by digital platforms.
6. **Global Connectivity**: A knowledge society is typically globally connected, fostering international collaborations and cultural exchanges.
7. **Sustainability and Ethics**: There's a focus on sustainable development and ethical considerations in exploiting and sharing knowledge.
This concept is closely related to the idea of an information society but places more emphasis on the creation, distribution, and use of knowledge rather than just information."
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/d3c2eb16-ebe2-4849-a073-a09541399a2b]

name::
* McsEngl.knowledge-society!⇒socKnlg,
* McsEngl.socKnlg!=knowledge-society,
* McsEngl.society.044-knowledge!⇒socKnlg,
* McsEngl.society.knowledge!⇒socKnlg,

society.network

description::
">network society:
The term "network society" is used to describe a social formation in which social networks play a central role in organizing individual, group, organizational, and societal activity. This means that communication, information sharing, and collaboration are increasingly mediated through digital networks, such as the internet and social media.
**Key characteristics of the network society:**
* **Decentralization:** Power and influence are dispersed across multiple nodes in the network, as opposed to being concentrated in traditional hierarchies.
* **Individualization:** Individuals have greater autonomy and control over their lives, as they can access information, resources, and opportunities from anywhere in the world.
* **Modularity:** Social structures are organized around flexible and adaptable modules, which can be easily connected and disconnected.
* **Hyperconnectivity:** Individuals and organizations are constantly connected to each other and to information, leading to a constant stream of data and interactions.
**Impacts of the network society:**
* **Globalization:** The internet has broken down barriers to communication and trade, leading to a more interconnected and globalized world.
* **Cultural shifts:** Digital technologies have reshaped cultural norms, values, and practices, with a focus on individualism, autonomy, and self-expression.
* **Economic transformation:** The rise of the internet has led to the emergence of new industries and business models, while traditional industries have been disrupted.
* **Political change:** Social media has empowered individuals to organize and participate in political movements, while also raising concerns about misinformation and manipulation.
**Challenges of the network society:**
* **Privacy and security:** Digital technologies collect vast amounts of data about individuals, raising concerns about privacy and surveillance.
* **Digital divide:** Access to digital technologies and the internet is not equally distributed, leading to a widening gap between the digitally connected and the disconnected.
* **Fake news and misinformation:** The ease of spreading information online has made it difficult to distinguish between reliable sources and false or misleading information.
* **Social polarization:** Digital echo chambers and algorithms can reinforce existing beliefs and biases, leading to social polarization and conflict.
In conclusion, the network society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon with both positive and negative consequences. It is important to be aware of the challenges and opportunities presented by the network society so that we can harness its potential while mitigating its risks."
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/f670d9549eae1961]

name::
* McsEngl.info-network-society,
* McsEngl.network-society,
* McsEngl.socNtwk,
* McsEngl.society.046-network,
* McsEngl.society.network,

society.technofeudalism

description::
">technofeudalism:
The term **technofeudalism**, coined by economist Yanis Varoufakis in his 2023 book of the same name, refers to a proposed new economic and political system that has emerged in the wake of the rise of the internet and the dominance of large technology companies. In this system, the owners of these companies, often referred to as "technolords," hold immense power and influence, while ordinary people are relegated to the role of passive users.

Varoufakis argues that technofeudalism is characterized by the following key features:
1. **The concentration of power in the hands of a few large technology companies:** These companies, such as Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, have amassed vast amounts of data and control critical infrastructure, giving them enormous power over individuals and governments.
2. **The extraction of rents from users:** These companies extract value from their users by collecting their data, selling targeted advertising, and charging for access to their platforms.
3. **The erosion of democracy and individual autonomy:** Technofeudalism undermines democracy by giving these companies undue influence over politics and the media. It also erodes individual autonomy by tracking our every move and manipulating our behavior.
4. **The rise of a new digital serfdom:** In technofeudalism, ordinary people are increasingly dependent on these companies for their livelihoods and access to information. This dependence creates a new form of digital serfdom, where individuals are bound to the whims of the technolords.

Varoufakis argues that technofeudalism is a fundamentally unsustainable system that threatens to undermine democracy, equality, and individual freedom. He calls for a radical transformation of the digital economy to create a more equitable and democratic future.

The concept of technofeudalism has been met with both support and criticism. Supporters argue that it provides a compelling framework for understanding the current power dynamics of the digital economy. Critics argue that the term is overly alarmist and that it does not accurately describe the current situation.

Regardless of the precise label, it is clear that the rise of large technology companies has raised significant concerns about the concentration of power and the potential for these companies to undermine democracy and individual freedom. It is important to continue to debate and discuss these issues to ensure that we create a digital future that is beneficial to all."
[{2023-12-29 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/fd45d813db61db54]

name::
* McsEngl.society.045-technofeudalism,
* McsEngl.society.technofeudalism,
* McsEngl.technofeudalism,

society.stone

description::
">stone age definition:
The Stone Age refers to the earliest period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone tools. This era is divided into three distinct periods:
1. **Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (from the first production of stone artifacts, about 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the last Ice Age, about 9,600 BCE)**: During this period, humans were primarily hunter-gatherers, moving constantly in search of food. They used basic stone and bone tools, as well as crude stone implements for hunting.
2. **Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (from about 9,600 to 6,000 BCE)**: This era bridged the gap between the hunting and gathering lifestyle and the development of agriculture. People began to form small, permanent settlements and used more sophisticated stone tools.
3. **Neolithic or New Stone Age (from about 6,000 to 2,000 BCE)**: The advent of farming marked this phase. People started to domesticate animals and cultivate crops, leading to the establishment of larger communities and the development of more advanced tools and pottery.
The Stone Age is a significant period in human history as it marks the dawn of human tool use and lays the foundation for the development of more complex societies and technologies."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/deffe533-84bf-47dd-9a6b-410c517f4c3f]

name::
* McsEngl.stone-society!⇒socStone,
* McsEngl.socStone!=stone-society,
* McsEngl.society.031-stone!⇒socStone,
* McsEngl.society.stone!⇒socStone,

society.copper

description::
">copper age definition:
The Copper Age, also known as the Chalcolithic or Eneolithic period, was a transitional stage in the development of human societies, bridging the gap between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. It is characterized by the increasing use of copper tools and weapons, marking a shift from solely relying on stone tools.

The Copper Age emerged around 5000 to 3500 BCE, varying in different regions due to local conditions and technological advancements. It was a period of significant social and cultural transformations, as communities transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles to more settled agricultural practices.

**Key Features of the Copper Age:**
1. **Copper Metallurgy:** The ability to smelt and work copper was a crucial breakthrough, enabling the production of more durable and efficient tools and weapons. Copper axes, knives, spearheads, and ornaments became widespread.
2. **Settled Communities:** As copper tools facilitated agricultural production and trade, communities became more settled, leading to the establishment of villages and towns.
3. **Social Stratification:** The rise of copper production and trade contributed to the emergence of social stratification, with individuals or groups gaining control over copper resources and developing specialized roles.
4. **Religious Beliefs:** Religious and spiritual practices evolved during the Copper Age, with the construction of megalithic structures and the development of more complex belief systems.

**Distribution of the Copper Age:**
The Copper Age was a global phenomenon, occurring in various regions around the world with varying durations and characteristics. Some notable examples include:
* **Mesopotamia:** The Copper Age in Mesopotamia began around 6000 BCE, with significant developments in irrigation and agriculture.
* **Crete:** Crete's Copper Age lasted from 4500 to 2500 BCE, showcasing advanced metalworking techniques and unique ceramic styles.
* **China:** The Copper Age in China emerged around 5000 BCE, characterized by the development of bronze-like alloys and the construction of substantial tombs.
* **Caral-Supe Civilization (Peru):** This complex civilization in Peru thrived during the Copper Age, showcasing advanced architecture, water management systems, and monumental plazas.

The Copper Age marked a significant turning point in human history, paving the way for the Bronze Age and the subsequent development of civilizations across the globe. It was a period of technological innovation, social transformation, and cultural exchange, laying the foundation for the societies we know today."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/a2a043f7c63989e8]

name::
* McsEngl.copper-society!⇒socCopper,
* McsEngl.socCopper!=copper-society,
* McsEngl.society.032-copper!⇒socCopper,
* McsEngl.society.copper!⇒socCopper,

society.bronze

description::
">bronze-age definition:
The Bronze Age was a significant period in human history, spanning approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC. It was characterized by the widespread use of bronze, a metal alloy made from copper and tin, which significantly enhanced the production of tools, weapons, and other artifacts. The development of bronzeworking technology ushered in a new era of technological advancement and social complexity.

**Key Features of the Bronze Age:**
1. **Bronzeworking:** The ability to smelt and forge bronze was a pivotal innovation that allowed for the creation of stronger and more durable tools, weapons, and ornaments. This enabled humans to undertake more elaborate projects, expand trade networks, and establish more complex social hierarchies.
2. **Urbanization:** The Bronze Age witnessed a surge in urbanization, as people began to form larger settlements with specialized roles and functions. This led to the rise of cities, which served as centers of administration, commerce, and cultural exchange.
3. **Writing and Language:** Some Bronze Age civilizations developed writing systems, which enabled them to record information, organize governance, and transmit knowledge across generations. This marked a significant transition from oral tradition to a more codified form of communication.
4. **Trade and Commerce:** The Bronze Age saw the development of extensive trade networks, facilitated by the newfound efficiency of bronze tools and the demand for raw materials like copper and tin. This interconnectedness fostered cultural exchange and the spread of ideas and goods across continents.
5. **Social Stratification:** The Bronze Age was a time of increasing social stratification, with the rise of elites, rulers, and specialized craftsmen. This shift reflected the complexities of urban societies, the accumulation of wealth, and the need for specialized labor.
6. **Military Advancements:** The development of bronze weapons, including swords, shields, and armor, revolutionized warfare and enabled more organized and fierce fighting. This had a profound impact on political power dynamics and the conduct of conflicts.
7. **Art and Cultural Expression:** The Bronze Age saw the flourishing of artistic expression, particularly in the form of metalwork, pottery, and sculpture. These works often showcased craftsmanship, symbolism, and religious beliefs, reflecting the cultural vibrancy of the period.

The Bronze Age marked a pivotal transformation in human civilization, laying the groundwork for the emergence of advanced societies, complex political systems, and the flourishing of culture and technology. It was a period of innovation, social change, and the establishment of lasting legacies that continue to shape our world today."
[{2023-12-18 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/15b8f23bf7e35c16]

name::
* McsEngl.bronze-society!⇒socBronze,
* McsEngl.socBronze!=bronze-society,
* McsEngl.society.033-bronze!⇒socBronze,
* McsEngl.society.bronze!⇒socBronze,

society.iron

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.iron-society!⇒socIron,
* McsEngl.socIron!=iron-society,
* McsEngl.society.034-iron!⇒socIron,
* McsEngl.society.iron!⇒socIron,

society.alive-013

description::
"quantity of alive societies:
The term "alive societies" is a bit ambiguous, but if you're asking about the number of distinct societies or cultures currently existing in the world, it's important to clarify that the concept of a "society" or "culture" can be quite fluid and varies widely in definition.
Generally, societies are defined by shared languages, traditions, beliefs, and social structures. However, due to globalization, migration, and the blending of cultures, the boundaries between societies can be blurred.
As for a specific count, it's challenging to provide an exact number for several reasons:
1. **Overlap and Blending:** Many societies have elements that overlap or are shared with others, making it difficult to categorize them as entirely separate entities.
2. **Minor and Major Societies:** There are numerous small societies, especially among indigenous peoples, that might not be widely recognized or documented.
3. **Language as a Marker:** Some might use language as a proxy to count distinct societies, but this method has limitations as multiple societies can share a language, or a single society might use multiple languages.
In terms of distinct countries, there are currently 195 recognized sovereign states (including 193 United Nations member states and 2 observer states: the Holy See and the State of Palestine). However, this count of countries does not equate to the number of societies, as a single country can encompass multiple distinct societies and cultures.
For a more detailed analysis or a specific focus (like indigenous societies, urban vs. rural societies, etc.), additional information or context would be needed."
[{2023-12-26 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/0bb5f80c-2ef3-4532-aa48-c6d861d65c5b]

name::
* McsEngl.alive-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.existent-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.extant-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.in-existence-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.living-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.present-society!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.society.013-alive!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.society.alive!⇒socAlive,
* McsEngl.socAlive,
* McsEngl.still-existing-society!⇒socAlive,

society.aliveNo-014

description::
· non existing society.

name::
* McsEngl.aliveNo-society!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.dissolved-society!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.former-society!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.non-alive-society!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.socAliveNo!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.socFormer,
* McsEngl.society.014-aliveNo!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.society.aliveNo!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.society.dissolved!⇒socFormer,
* McsEngl.society.former!⇒socFormer,

society.complex

description::
"overview of complex society:
Complex societies, also known as civilizations, are characterized by a high degree of social, political, and economic organization. They are typically characterized by the following features:
**Large population:** Complex societies have a large and dense population, often numbering in the millions. This allows for specialization of labor and the development of complex social structures.
**Agricultural surplus:** Complex societies are able to produce a surplus of food, which allows for the support of a non-agricultural population, such as artisans, bureaucrats, and soldiers. This surplus is often generated through intensive agriculture, which requires large-scale irrigation systems and other technological innovations.
**Centralized government:** Complex societies have a centralized government that organizes and manages the society's resources. This government typically has a hierarchy of officials, including a ruler or chief, who is responsible for making decisions and enforcing laws.
**Division of labor:** Complex societies have a division of labor, which means that different groups of people specialize in different tasks. This allows for greater efficiency and productivity.
**Record-keeping:** Complex societies often have systems of record-keeping, which are used to track economic transactions, manage resources, and preserve historical information. This record-keeping can be in the form of writing, or it can be based on other methods, such as knotted cords or tally sticks.
**Social stratification:** Complex societies typically have a social hierarchy, with some people having more power and wealth than others. This stratification is often based on factors such as wealth, social status, or occupation.
**Cultural complexity:** Complex societies often have a rich and complex cultural life, with a variety of art, literature, religion, and philosophy. This cultural complexity is often reflected in the built environment, such as the construction of monumental architecture.
**Examples of complex societies:** Some of the earliest complex societies emerged in Mesopotamia around 3,000 BCE, and other examples include ancient Egypt, China, India, Mesoamerica, and the Andes. Modern complex societies include nation-states such as the United States, China, and India.
The emergence of complex societies is a complex process that is not fully understood. However, it is likely that the development of agriculture, the accumulation of wealth, and the need for coordination and governance all played important roles."
[{2023-12-27 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/67204d13bd3b7651]

name::
* McsEngl.complex-society,
* McsEngl.society.041-complex,
* McsEngl.society.complex,

society.complexNo

description::
">primitive societies:
The term "primitive society" is a controversial one, as it has been used to describe a wide range of societies with varying levels of complexity and technology. Some anthropologists argue that the term is outdated and misleading, as it implies that these societies are somehow inferior to more developed ones. Others argue that the term is useful for describing societies that share certain characteristics, such as small-scale social organization, simple technology, and a lack of written language.
Here is a general overview of the characteristics that have been associated with primitive societies:
* **Small-scale social organization:** Primitive societies typically have small populations, with members living in close proximity to one another. This close proximity fosters strong social ties and a sense of community.
* **Simple technology:** Primitive societies rely on basic tools and techniques for survival and production. Their technology is often adapted to the specific environment in which they live.
* **Lack of written language:** Primitive societies typically do not have a written language. Instead, they rely on oral traditions and other forms of non-verbal communication to preserve and transmit knowledge.
* **Egalitarian social structure:** Primitive societies often have a relatively egalitarian social structure, with little or no social stratification. This is reflected in their kinship systems, political organization, and economic practices.
* **Strong sense of community:** Primitive societies typically place a strong emphasis on community and cooperation. This is evident in their shared values, beliefs, and practices.
It is important to note that these characteristics are not always present in all primitive societies. There is a great deal of variation among these societies, both in terms of their specific characteristics and their overall level of complexity.
Here are some examples of primitive societies:
* **Hunter-gatherer societies:** These societies rely on hunting, gathering, and fishing for their food. They typically have small populations and a nomadic lifestyle.
* **Horticultural societies:** These societies practice small-scale agriculture, relying on hand tools and simple techniques. They typically live in villages and have a more settled lifestyle than hunter-gatherers.
* **Pastoral societies:** These societies rely on herding domesticated animals for their food and other needs. They typically have larger populations than hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists.
* **Peasant societies:** These societies are characterized by intensive agriculture, with a focus on rice, maize, or other staple crops. They typically have a strong social hierarchy and a reliance on markets.
It is important to remember that these are just a few examples, and there is a great deal of diversity among primitive societies around the world."
[{2023-12-27 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/67204d13bd3b7651]

name::
* McsEngl.complexNo-society,
* McsEngl.non-complex-society,
* McsEngl.society.042-complexNo,
* McsEngl.society.complexNo,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μη-πολύπλοκη-κοινωνία!=complexNo,

society.indigenous

description::
">quantity of today indigenous societies:
The exact number of indigenous societies in the world is difficult to determine, as there is no single, universally accepted definition of what constitutes an indigenous group. However, a 2009 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) estimated that there are at least 5,000 distinct indigenous groups with a total population of over 370 million people. This number is likely to be an underestimate, as many indigenous groups are still poorly documented or have been assimilated into other cultures.
Indigenous societies are found all over the world, from the Arctic to the Amazon rainforest, and from the deserts of Australia to the mountains of the Andes. They represent a wide range of cultures, languages, and traditions, and their ancestral lands cover a significant portion of the Earth's surface.
Indigenous peoples face a number of challenges, including discrimination, poverty, and violence. They are also vulnerable to the effects of climate change and globalization. However, indigenous peoples are also resilient and resourceful, and they are playing an increasingly important role in protecting their lands and cultures."
[{2023-12-27 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/409fcab773704a10]

">quantity of today indigenous societies:
The quantity of indigenous societies existing today varies significantly around the world, with these groups differing greatly in size, culture, language, and geographical location. Indigenous societies, often referred to as First Nations, Aboriginal, Native, or Tribal peoples, maintain a variety of traditions, social structures, and lifestyles, often closely tied to their ancestral lands and natural resources.
It's important to note that the term "indigenous" covers a broad spectrum of societies across every inhabited continent. In the Americas, for example, there are numerous indigenous groups ranging from the Inuit in the Arctic to the Mapuche in southern Chile. Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands also have diverse indigenous populations, each with their unique cultures and histories.
Quantifying these groups can be challenging due to several factors:
1. **Definition of Indigenous**: There's no universally accepted definition of what constitutes an indigenous society. Different countries and organizations have varying criteria, which affects the count.
2. **Recognition by Governments**: Some indigenous groups are officially recognized by their respective governments, while others are not. This recognition (or lack thereof) impacts their visibility in official statistics.
3. **Population Data**: Reliable population data can be difficult to obtain. Some indigenous groups live in remote areas, and in some cases, there might be political or social reasons for underreporting or overreporting numbers.
4. **Cultural Assimilation and Loss**: Many indigenous groups have faced pressures that led to assimilation into dominant cultures, resulting in a loss of distinct cultural identities. This makes it hard to identify and count these groups accurately.
As of my last update in April 2023, there were estimates suggesting that there are more than 370 million indigenous people worldwide, spread across over 90 countries and representing a significant portion of the world's cultural diversity. However, these numbers are fluid and subject to change due to the factors mentioned above.
For the most current and detailed information, including specific numbers and locations of indigenous societies, it would be best to refer to resources like reports from the United Nations, the World Bank, or specific organizations dedicated to indigenous peoples' rights and issues."
[{2023-12-27 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/c/bfa8e2fd-55a4-4c62-978a-96f2aca1d603]

name::
* McsEngl.indigenous-society,
* McsEngl.society.indigenous,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.κοινωνία-ιθαγενών!=indigenous,

society.Acp-009

description::
">African-Caribbean-Pacific society:
African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) society encompasses a diverse range of cultures, traditions, and histories from three distinct regions of the world: Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific. This vast and vibrant community is characterized by its rich heritage, resilience, and strong sense of identity.

**Africa**
Africa, the continent of origin for the vast majority of ACP peoples, is home to a multitude of ethnic groups, languages, and religious traditions. From the bustling cities of Nigeria and Kenya to the serene landscapes of Namibia and Botswana, Africa is a continent of contrasts and endless possibilities. ACP communities in Africa have played a vital role in shaping the continent's history and culture, contributing to its vibrant art, music, and cuisine.

**The Caribbean**
The Caribbean, an archipelago of islands scattered across the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, is a region known for its idyllic beaches, lush rainforests, and vibrant cultural scene. ACP communities in the Caribbean have a rich heritage shaped by the intermingling of African, European, and indigenous influences. This cultural fusion has given rise to unique traditions in music, dance, and cuisine, such as reggae, calypso, and jerk chicken.

**The Pacific**
The Pacific, the largest and deepest ocean on Earth, encompasses a vast expanse of islands and archipelagos. ACP communities in the Pacific are characterized by their strong connection to the sea, which has shaped their way of life, culture, and traditions. From the surfing paradise of Hawaii to the remote atolls of Tuvalu, the Pacific is a region of breathtaking beauty and cultural diversity.

Despite their geographical distance, ACP communities around the world share a common thread: a deep sense of identity, resilience, and a shared history of overcoming challenges. They have faced adversity in the form of colonialism, slavery, and discrimination, yet they have emerged stronger and more united. ACP societies are characterized by their strong family bonds, community spirit, and a deep appreciation for their cultural heritage.

**Contributions to the World**
ACP communities have made significant contributions to the world in various fields, including art, literature, music, science, and technology. They have enriched the world with their creativity, innovation, and unique perspectives. Notable figures from ACP societies include:
* **Wole Soyinka:** Nigerian Nobel Prize-winning playwright and poet
* **Bob Marley:** Jamaican reggae musician and cultural icon
* **Nelson Mandela:** South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist
* **Maya Angelou:** American poet, memoirist, and civil rights activist
* **Marcus Garvey:** Jamaican-American journalist, activist, and entrepreneur

**Challenges and Aspirations**
Despite their progress and achievements, ACP communities continue to face challenges such as poverty, inequality, and the effects of climate change. However, they remain determined to build a brighter future for themselves and their descendants. ACP societies aspire to achieve sustainable development, economic prosperity, and social justice, while preserving their unique cultural heritage.

In conclusion, African-Caribbean-Pacific society is a vibrant and diverse tapestry of cultures, traditions, and histories. These communities have faced adversity yet emerged stronger and more united, contributing significantly to the world in various fields. As they look to the future, ACP societies aspire to achieve sustainable development, economic prosperity, and social justice, while preserving their unique cultural heritage."
[{2023-11-23 retrieved} https://bard.google.com/chat/9af279d187fd97aa?hl=en&pli=1]

name::
* McsEngl.ACP!=African-Caribbean-Pacific-society,
* McsEngl.socAcp!=African-Caribbean-Pacific-society,
* McsEngl.society.009-Acp!⇒socAcp,
* McsEngl.society.Acp!⇒socAcp,

society.Maghreb-state-010

description::
· Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.

name::
* McsEngl.Maghreb-state,
* McsEngl.society.010-Maghreb-state,
* McsEngl.society.Maghreb-state,

society.Mashreq-state-011

description::
· Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria

name::
* McsEngl.Mashreq-state,
* McsEngl.society.011-Mashreq-state,
* McsEngl.society.Mashreq-state,

society.code.2-letter-007

description::
"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard[1] published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They are also used as country identifiers extending the postal code when appropriate within the international postal system for paper mail, and has replaced the previous one consisting one-letter codes. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974."
[{2020-11-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2]

name::
* McsEngl.country-code.2-letter!⇒soc2,
* McsEngl.soc2!=2-letter-code-of-society,
* McsEngl.socXx!⇒soc2,
* McsEngl.society.007-2-letter!⇒soc2,
* McsEngl.society.2-letter!⇒soc2,

addressWpg::
* http://www.mathguide.de/info/tools/countrycode.html,

specific-tree-of-socXx::
* McsEngl.soc2.Ad!=Andorra@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ae!=United-Arab-Emirates@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Af!=Afghanistan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ag!=Antigua-and-Barbuda@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ai!=Anguilla-(near-Puerto-Rico)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Al!=Albania@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Am!=Armenia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.An!=Netherlands-Antilles@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ao!=Angola@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Aq!=Antarctica@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ar!=Argentina@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.As!=American-Samoa@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.At!=Austria@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Au!=Australia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Aw!=Aruba@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Az!=Azerbaijan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ba!=Bosnia-and-Herzegovina@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bb!=Barbados@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bd!=Bangladesh@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Be!=Belgium@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bf!=Burkina-Faso@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bg!=Bulgaria@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bh!=Bahrain@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bi!=Burundi@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bj!=Benin@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bm!=Bermuda@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bn!=Brunei-Darussalam@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bo!=Bolivia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Br!=Brazil@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bs!=Bahamas@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bt!=Bhutan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bv!=Bouvet-Island@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bw!=Botswana@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.By!=Belarus@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Bz!=Belize@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ca!=Canada@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cc!=Cocos-(Keeling)-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cf!=Central-African-Republic@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cg!=Congo@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ch!=Switzerland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ci!=Cote-D'Ivoire-(Ivory-Coast)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ck!=Cook-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cl!=Chile@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cm!=Cameroon@Iso2,
* soc2.Cn!=China@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Co!=Colombia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cr!=Costa-Rica@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cs!=Czechoslovakia-(former)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cu!=Cuba@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cv!=Cape-Verde@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cx!=Christmas-Island@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cy!=Cyprus@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Cz!=Czech-Republic@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.De!=Germany@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Dj!=Djibouti@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Dk!=Denmark@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Dm!=Dominica@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Do!=Dominican-Republic@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Dz!=Algeria@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ec!=Ecuador@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ee!=Estonia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Eg!=Egypt@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Eh!=Western-Sahara@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Er!=Eritrea@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Es!=Spain@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Et!=Ethiopia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fi!=Finland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fj!=Fiji@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fk!=Falkland-Islands-(Malvinas)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fm!=Micronesia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fo!=Faroe-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fr!=France@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Fx!=France,-Metropolitan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ga!=Gabon@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gb!=Great-Britain-(UK)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gd!=Grenada@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ge!=Georgia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gf!=French-Guiana@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gh!=Ghana@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gi!=Gibraltar@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gl!=Greenland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gm!=Gambia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gn!=Guinea@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gp!=Guadeloupe@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gq!=Equatorial-Guinea@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gr!=Greece@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gs!=S.Georgia-and-S.Sandwich-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gt!=Guatemala@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gu!=Guam@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gw!=Guinea-Bissau@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Gy!=Guyana@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Hk!=Hong-Kong@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Hm!=Heard-and-McDonald-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Hn!=Honduras@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Hr!=Croatia-(Hrvatska)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ht!=Haiti@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Hu!=Hungary@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Id!=Indonesia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ie!=IrelandIL-Israel@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Im!=Isle-of-Man@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.In!=India@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Io!=British-Indian-Ocean-Territory@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Iq!=Iraq@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ir!=Iran@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Is!=Iceland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.It!=Italy@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Jm!=Jamaica@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Jo!=Jordan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Jp!=Japan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ke!=Kenya@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kg!=Kyrgyzstan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kh!=Cambodia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ki!=Kiribati@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Km!=Comoros@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kn!=Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kp!=Korea-(North)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kr!=Korea-(South)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kw!=Kuwait@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ky!=Cayman-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Kz!=Kazakhstan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.La!=Laos@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lb!=Lebanon@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lc!=Saint-Lucia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Li!=Liechtenstein@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lk!=Sri-Lanka@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lr!=Liberia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ls!=Lesotho@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lt!=Lithuania@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lu!=Luxembourg@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Lv!=Latvia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ly!=Libya@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ma!=Morocco@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mc!=Monaco@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Md!=Moldova@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Me!=Modenegro@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mg!=Madagascar@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mh!=Marshall-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mk!=Macedonia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ml!=Mali@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mm!=Myanmar@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mn!=Mongolia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mo!=Macau@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mp!=Northern-Mariana-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mq!=Martinique@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mr!=Mauritania@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ms!=Montserrat@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mt!=Malta@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mu!=Mauritius@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mv!=Maldives@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mw!=Malawi@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mx!=Mexico@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.My!=Malaysia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Mz!=Mozambique@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Na!=Namibia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nc!=New-Caledonia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ne!=Niger@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nf!=Norfolk-Island@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ng!=Nigeria@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ni!=Nicaragua@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nl!=Netherlands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.No!=Norway@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Np!=Nepal@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nr!=Nauru@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nt!=Neutral-Zone@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nu!=Niue@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Nz!=New-Zealand-(Aotearoa)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Om!=Oman@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pa!=Panama@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pe!=Peru@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pf!=French-Polynesia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pg!=Papua-New-Guinea@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ph!=Philippines@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pk!=Pakistan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pl!=Poland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pm!=St.Pierre-and-Miquelon@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pn!=Pitcairn@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pr!=Puerto-Rico@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pt!=Portugal@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Pw!=Palau@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Py!=Paraguay@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Qa!=Qatar@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Re!=Reunion@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ro!=Romania@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ru!=Russian-Federation@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Rw!=Rwanda@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sa!=Saudi-Arabia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sb!=olomon-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sc!=Seychelles@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sd!=Sudan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Se!=Sweden@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sg!=Singapore@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sh!=St.Helena@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Si!=Slovenia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sj!=Svalbard-and-Jan-Mayen-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sk!=Slovak-Republic@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sl!=Sierra-Leone@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sm!=San-Marino@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sn!=Senegal@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.So!=Somalia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sr!=Suriname@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.St!=Sao-Tome-and-Principe@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Su!=USSR-(former)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sv!=El-Salvador@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sy!=Syria@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Sz!=Swaziland@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tc!=Turks-and-Caicos-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Td!=Chad@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tf!=French-Southern-Territories@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tg!=Togo@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Th!=Thailand@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tj!=Tajikistan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tk!=Tokelau@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tm!=Turkmenistan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tn!=Tunisia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.To!=Tonga@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tp!=East-Timor@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tr!=Turkey@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tt!=Trinidad-and-Tobago@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tv!=Tuvalu@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tw!=Taiwan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Tz!=Tanzania@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ua!=Ukraine@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ug!=Uganda@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Uk!=United-Kingdom@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Um!=US-Minor-Outlying-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Us!=United-States@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Uy!=Uruguay@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Uz!=Uzbekistan@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Va!=Vatican-City-State-(Holy-See)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Vc!=Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ve!=Venezuela@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Vg!=Virgin-Islands-(British)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Vi!=Virgin-Islands-(U.S.)@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Vn!=Viet-Nam@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Vu!=Vanuatu@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Wf!=Wallis-and-Futuna-Islands@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ws!=Samoa@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Ye!=Yemen@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Yt!=Mayotte@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Yu!=Yugoslavia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Za!=South-Africa@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Zm!=Zambia@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Zr!=Zaire@Iso2,
* McsEngl.soc2.Zw!=Zimbabwe@Iso2,
===
* McsEngl.socAfghanistan--AF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAlbania--AL.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAlgeria--DZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAmerican-Samoa--AS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAndorra--AD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAngola--AO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAnguilla--AI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAntarctica--AQ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAntigua-and-Barbuda--AG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socArgentina--AR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socArmenia--AM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAruba--AW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAustralia--AU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAustria--AT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socAzerbaijan--AZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBahamas--BS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBahrain--BH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBangladesh--BD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBarbados--BB.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBelarus--BY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBelgium--BE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBelize--BZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBenin--BJ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBermuda--BM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBhutan--BT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBolivia--BO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBosnia-and-Herzegovina--BA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBotswana--BW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBouvet-Island--BV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBrazil--BR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBritish-Indian-Ocean-Territory--IO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBrunei-Darussalam--BN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBulgaria--BG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBurkina-Faso--BF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socBurundi--BI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCambodia--KH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCameroon--CM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCanada--CA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCape-Verde--CV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCayman-Islands--KY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCentral-African-Republic--CF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socChad--TD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socChile--CL.Iso2,
* socChina--CN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socChristmas-Island--CX.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCocos-Islands--CC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socColombia--CO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socComoros--KM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCongo--CG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCook-Islands--CK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCosta-Rica--CR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCote-D'Ivoire-(Ivory-Coast)--CI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCroatia-(Hrvatska)--HR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCuba--CU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCyprus--CY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCzech-Republic--CZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socCzechoslovakia-(former)--CS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socDenmark--DK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socDjibouti--DJ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socDominica--DM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socDominican-Republic--DO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEast-Timor--TP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEcuador--EC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEgypt--EG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEl-Salvador--SV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEquatorial-Guinea--GQ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEritrea--ER.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEstonia--EE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socEthiopia--ET.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFalkland-Islands-(Malvinas)--FK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFaroe-Islands--FO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFiji--FJ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFinland--FI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFrance,-Metropolitan--FX.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFrance--FR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFrench-Guiana--GF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFrench-Polynesia--PF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socFrench-Southern-Territories--TF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGabon--GA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGambia--GM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGeorgia--GE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGermany--DE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGhana--GH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGibraltar--GI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGreat-Britain-(UK)--GB.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGreece--GR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGreenland--GL.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGrenada--GD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuadeloupe--GP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuam--GU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuatemala--GT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuinea-Bissau--GW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuinea--GN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socGuyana--GY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socHaiti--HT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socHeard-and-McDonald-Islands--HM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socHonduras--HN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socHong-Kong--HK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socHungary--HU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIceland--IS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIndia--IN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIndonesia--ID.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIran--IR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIraq--IQ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIrelandIL-Israel--IE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIsle-of-Man--IM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socItaly--IT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socIvory-Coast-(Cote-D'Ivoire))--CI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socJamaica--JM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socJapan--JP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socJordan--JO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKazakhstan--KZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKenya--KE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKiribati--KI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKorea-(North)--KP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKorea-(South)--KR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKuwait--KW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socKyrgyzstan--KG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLaos--LA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLatvia--LV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLebanon--LB.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLesotho--LS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLiberia--LR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLibya--LY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLiechtenstein--LI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLithuania--LT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socLuxembourg--LU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMacau--MO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMacedonia--MK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMadagascar--MG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMalawi--MW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMalaysia--MY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMaldives--MV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMali--ML.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMalta--MT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMarshall-Islands--MH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMartinique--MQ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMauritania--MR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMauritius--MU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMayotte--YT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMexico--MX.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMicronesia--FM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMoldova--MD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMonaco--MC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMongolia--MN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMontserrat--MS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMorocco--MA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMozambique--MZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socMyanmar--MM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNamibia--NA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNauru--NR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNepal--NP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNetherlands-Antilles--AN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNetherlands--NL.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNeutral-Zone--NT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNew-Caledonia--NC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNew-Zealand-(Aotearoa)--NZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNicaragua--NI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNiger--NE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNigeria--NG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNiue--NU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNorfolk-Island--NF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNorthern-Mariana-Islands--MP.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socNorway--NO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socOman--OM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPakistan--PK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPalau--PW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPanama--PA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPapua-New-Guinea--PG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socParaguay--PY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPeru--PE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPhilippines--PH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPitcairn--PN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPoland--PL.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPortugal--PT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socPuerto-Rico--PR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socQatar--QA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socReunion--RE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socRomania--RO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socRussian-Federation--RU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socRwanda--RW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socS.Georgia-and-S.Sandwich-Islands--GS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSaint-Kitts-and-Nevis--KN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSaint-Lucia--LC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSaint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines--VC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSamoa--WS.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSan-Marino--SM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSao-Tome-and-Principe--ST.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSaudi-Arabia--SA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSenegal--SN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSeychelles--SC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSierra-Leone--SL.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSingapore--SG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSlovak-Republic--SK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSlovenia--SI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSomalia--SO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSolomon-Islands--SB.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSouth-Africa--ZA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSpain--ES.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSri-Lanka--LK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSt.Helena--SH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSt.Pierre-and-Miquelon--PM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSudan--SD.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSuriname--SR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSvalbard-and-Jan-Mayen-Islands--SJ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSwaziland--SZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSweden--SE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSwitzerland--CH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socSyria--SY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTaiwan--TW.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTajikistan--TJ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTanzania--TZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socThailand--TH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTogo--TG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTokelau--TK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTonga--TO.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTrinidad-and-Tobago--TT.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTunisia--TN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTurkey--TR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTurkmenistan--TM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTurks-and-Caicos-Islands--TC.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socTuvalu--TV.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUS-Minor-Outlying-Islands--UM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUSSR-(former)--SU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUganda--UG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUkraine--UA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUnited-Arab-Emirates--AE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUnited-Kingdom--UK.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUnited-States--US.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUruguay--UY.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socUzbekistan--UZ.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socVanuatu--VU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socVatican-City-State-(Holy-See)--VA.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socVenezuela--VE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socViet-Nam--VN.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socVirgin-Islands-(British)--VG.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socVirgin-Islands-(U.S.)--VI.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socWallis-and-Futuna-Islands--WF.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socWestern-Sahara--EH.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socYemen--YE.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socYugoslavia--YU.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socZaire--ZR.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socZambia--ZM.Iso2,
* McsEngl.socZimbabwe--ZW.Iso2,