forhead of face

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.face'forhead,
* McsEngl.forhead,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.qián'é-前额!=forhead,
* McsZhon.前额-qián'é!=forhead,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μέτωπο!το!=forhead,

chin of face

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.chin,
* McsEngl.face'chin,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.xiàba-下巴!=chin,
* McsZhon.下巴-xiàba!=chin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.πηγούνι!το!=chin,

beard of face

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.beard,
* McsEngl.face'beard,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.húxū-胡须!=beard,
* McsZhon.胡须-húxū!=beard,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μούσι!το!=beard,

moustache of face

description::
·

name::
* McsEngl.face'moustache,
* McsEngl.moustache,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.胡子-húzi!=moustache,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μουστάκι!το!=moustache,

generic-tree of head

generic-of-head::
* head-of-vertebrate,

breast-region of bodyHmn'thorax

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'thorax'breast!⇒bodyHmn'breast,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'breast!⇒bodyHmn'breast,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att063-breast!⇒bodyHmn'breast,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'breast,
* McsEngl.breast-region!⇒bodyHmn'breast,

description::

"The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed infants.[2] Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development in female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. Breast development in other primate females generally only occurs with pregnancy.
Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, and these tissues give the breast its size and shape. At the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals.[3] During pregnancy, the breast responds to a complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar maturation, in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding.
Along with their major function in providing nutrition for infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art, and photography. They can figure prominently in the perception of a woman's body and sexual attractiveness. A number of cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent. Breasts, especially the nipples, are an erogenous zone."
[{2020-06-01} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast]

waist-region of bodyHmn'abdomen

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'abdomen'waist!⇒bodyHmn'waist,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'waist!⇒bodyHmn'waist,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att064-waist!⇒bodyHmn'waist,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'waist,
* McsEngl.waist-region!⇒bodyHmn'waist,

description::
"The waist is the part of the abdomen between the rib cage and hips. On people with slim bodies, the waist is the narrowest part of the torso.
The waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist."
[{2020-06-01} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist]

navel-region of bodyHmn'abdomen

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'abdomen'navel!⇒bodyHmn'navel,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'navel!⇒bodyHmn'navel,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att064-navel!⇒bodyHmn'navel,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'navel, /néivel/,
* McsEngl.navel-region!⇒bodyHmn'navel,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αφαλός!=bodyHmn'navel,
* McsElln.ομφαλός!=bodyHmn'navel,

description::
"The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord.[1] All placental mammals have a navel."
[{2020-06-01} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navel]

shoulder of upper-limb

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'shoulder!⇒bodyHmn'shoulder,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att047-shoulder!⇒bodyHmn'shoulder,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'shoulder,
* McsEngl.upper-limb'shoulder!⇒bodyHmn'shoulder,
* McsEngl.shoulder!⇒bodyHmn'shoulder, /Sólder/,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ώμος!=bodyHmn'shoulder,

description::
"The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the acromioclavicular joint. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, and the head sits in the glenoid cavity.[1] The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.[2]
The shoulder joint is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The joint capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the humeral head.
The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling."
[{2020-05-30} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder]

axilla of upper-limb

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'axilla!⇒bodyHmn'axilla, /aksíla/,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att049-axilla!⇒bodyHmn'axilla,
* McsEngl.armpit!⇒bodyHmn'axilla,
* McsEngl.axilla-of-bodyHmn!⇒bodyHmn'axilla,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'axilla,
* McsEngl.oxter!⇒bodyHmn'axilla,
* McsEngl.underarm!⇒bodyHmn'axilla,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μασχάλη!=bodyHmn'axilla,

description::
"The axilla (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. It also contains many sweat glands.
In humans, the formation of body odor happens mostly in the armpit.[1] These odorant substances have been suggested by some to serve as pheromones, which play a role related to mating. However, this is a controversial topic within the scientific community.[2] The underarm regions seem more important than the genital region for body odor, which may be related to human bipedalism.[3]"
[{2020-05-30} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axilla]

arm of upper-limb

McsHitp-creation:: {2014-10-16},

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'arm!⇒bodyHmn'arm,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att043-arm!⇒bodyHmn'arm,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'arm,
* McsEngl.arm!⇒bodyHmn'arm,
* McsEngl.upper-limb'arm!⇒bodyHmn'arm,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.gēbe-胳臂!=bodyHmn'arm,
* McsZhon.胳臂-gēbe!=bodyHmn'arm,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βραχίονας!=bodyHmn'arm,

description::
· arm = upper-arm + lower-arm,
In human anatomy, the arm is the upper limb of the body, comprising regions between the shoulder and the elbow joints. In common usage the arm extends to the hand. It can be divided into the upper arm brachium, the forearm antebrachium, and the hand manus. Anatomically the shoulder girdle with bones and corresponding muscles is per definition a part of the arm. The Latin term brachium may refer to both the arm as a whole or to the upper arm on its own.[1][2][3]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm]
===
"Στην ανατομία του ανθρώπου, ο βραχίονας ή μπράτσο είναι το τμήμα του ανώτερου άκρου ανάμεσα στον αρσενικό κόμβο (άρθρωση ώμου) και στον αρθρωτό σύνδεσμο. Ο βραχίονας εκτείνεται στο χέρι. Μπορεί να χωριστεί στον άνω βραχίονα, ο οποίος εκτείνεται από τον ώμο στον αγκώνα και το αντιβράχιο που εκτείνεται από τον αγκώνα μέχρι το χέρι."
[{2020-05-31} https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Βραχίονας]

wrist of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'wrist,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att051-wrist,
* McsEngl.wrist,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.καρπός!=wrist,

description::
· the-part between the-arm and the-hand.

hand of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'hand,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att045-hand,
* McsEngl.hand,

description::

"A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "hand" and fingerprints extremely similar to human fingerprints) are often described as having "hands" instead of paws on their front limbs. The raccoon is usually described as having "hands" though opposable thumbs are lacking.[1]
Some evolutionary anatomists use the term hand to refer to the appendage of digits on the forelimb more generally — for example, in the context of whether the three digits of the bird hand involved the same homologous loss of two digits as in the dinosaur hand.[2]
The human hand normally has five digits: four fingers plus one thumb;[3][4] these are often referred to collectively as five fingers, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers.[3][5][6] It has 27 bones, not including the sesamoid bone, the number of which varies between people,[7] 14 of which are the phalanges (proximal, intermediate and distal) of the fingers and thumb. The metacarpal bones connect the fingers and the carpal bones of the wrist. Each human hand has five metacarpals[8] and eight carpal bones.
Fingers contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings in the body, and are the richest source of tactile feedback. They also have the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus, the sense of touch is intimately associated with hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, feet, legs) each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, so that handedness—the preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pencil, reflects individual brain functioning.
Among humans, the hands play an important function in body language and sign language. Likewise the ten digits of two hands, and the twelve phalanges of four fingers (touchable by the thumb) have given rise to number systems and calculation techniques."
[{2020-05-30} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand]

hip-region of lower-limbs

name::
* McsEngl.lower-limbs'hip-region!⇒bodyHmn'hip,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'hip-region!⇒bodyHmn'hip,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att054-hip-region!⇒bodyHmn'hip,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'hip,
* McsEngl.hip-region!⇒bodyHmn'hip,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γοφός!=bodyHmn'hip,
* McsElln.ισχύο!=bodyHmn'hip,
* McsElln.πύελος!=bodyHmn'hip,

description::
"η περιοχή του σώματος γύρω από το άνω τμήμα του μηρού και την άρθρωση του ισχίου"
[{2020-05-31} https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/γοφός]

leg-region of lower-limbs

name::
* McsEngl.lower-limbs'leg-region!⇒bodyHmn'leg,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'leg-region!⇒bodyHmn'leg,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att055-leg-region!⇒bodyHmn'leg,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'leg,
* McsEngl.leg-region!⇒bodyHmn'leg,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.σκέλους-περιοχή!=bodyHmn'leg,

description::
·

foot-region of lower-limbs

name::
* McsEngl.lower-limbs'foot-region!⇒bodyHmn'foot,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'foot-region!⇒bodyHmn'foot,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att056-foot-region!⇒bodyHmn'foot,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'foot,
* McsEngl.foot-region!⇒bodyHmn'foot,

description::
·

functing of sysOrgans

name::
* McsEngl.sysOrgans'functing, {2012-08-12},
* McsEngl.functing.sysOrgans,

description::
· the-definition of sysOrgans presupposes a-common function of many organs.
===
"The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system because of the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems."
[{2020-03-14} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)#Organ_systems]

generic-tree of sysOrgans

generic-of-sysOrgans::
* nodeBodyHmn,

att-inherited-from::
· :
* ,

att-own-of-sysOrgans::
* ,

specific-tree of sysOrgans

specific-of-sysOrgans::
* bodyHmn,
* circulatory-system,
* digestive,
* endocrine-system,
* immune
* integumentary-system,
* lymphatic-system,
* musculoskeletal-system,
* nervous-system,
* renal|urinary-system,
* reproductive,
* respiratory,
===
* 001.musculoskeletal-system,
* 002.circulatory-system,
* 003.nervous-system,
* 004.integumentary-system,
* 005.endocrine-system,
* 006.respiratory,
* 007.digestive,
* 008.urinary-system,
* 009.reproductive,

addressWpg::
"Human" systems are also present in many other animals.
Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
Endocannabinoid system: neuromodulatory lipids and receptors involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, motor learning, synaptic plasticity, and memory.
Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands.
Excretory System: gets rid of waste in the body; contains the integumentary system, the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the urinary system.
Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen.
Integumentary system: skin, hair, fat, and nails.
Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels.
Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes only skeletal muscle, not smooth muscle or cardiac muscle.
Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous-system.
Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_system]
===
τα οργανικά συστήματα του ανθρώπου είναι τα ακόλουθα:
αδενικό, αναπνευστικό, απεκκριτικό, γεννητικό, ερειστικό, καλυπτηριο, κυκλοφορικό, μυικό, νευρικό, πεπτικό.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 10⧺cptRsc29⧺]
τα συστήματα του ανθρώπινου οργανισμού που θα αναπτύξουμε είναι:
νευρικό
αισθητηριων οργάνων
ερειστικό
μυικό
πεπτικό
κυκλοφορικό
αναπνευστικό
ουροποιητικό
ενδοκρινών αδένων
γεννητικό
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 239⧺cptRsc31⧺]

08_function of organ

name::
* McsEngl.organ'doing.functing,
* McsEngl.organ'08_functing,
* McsEngl.organ'functing,
* McsEngl.organ'att011-functing,

09_procedure of organ

name::
* McsEngl.organ'09_procedure,
* McsEngl.organ'procedure,
* McsEngl.organ'att001-procedure,

description::
·

10_transplant of organ

name::
* McsEngl.organ'10_transplant,
* McsEngl.organ'transplant,
* McsEngl.organ'att002-transplant,

description::
·

managing of organ

name::
* McsEngl.organ'doing.managing,
* McsEngl.organ'managing,
* McsEngl.organ'att003-managing,

κάθε όργανο, σαν δυναμικό-σύστημα, μανετζάρεται.

generic-tree of organ

generic-of-organ::
* nodeBodyHmn,

att-inherited-from::
· :
* ,

att-own-of-organ::
* ,

specific-tree of organ

specific-of-organ::
"By one widely adopted definition, 79 organs have been identified in the human body."
[{2023-04-08 retrieved} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(biology)]
====
* arm,
* organBone,
* organBrain,
* epiphysis,
* esophagus,
* gall-bladder,
* organGland,
* gland.endocrine,
* gland.exocrine,
* gland.parathyroid,
* gland.salivay,
* gland.thymus,
* gland.thyroid,
* organHeart,
* hypophysis,
* intestine,
* intestine.large,
* intestine.small,
* kidney,
* larynx,
* liver,
* lung,
* organLymph,
* organMouth,
* organMuscle,
* nerve,
* ovary,
* pancreas,
* penis,
* pharynx,
* sense,
* sense.ear,
* sense.eye,
* sense.nose,
* sense.skin,
* sense.tongue,
* spleen,
* stomach,
* testicle,
* trachea,
* ureter,
* urethra,
* urinary_bladder,
* uteras,
* uvula,
* vagina,
* vessel,
* vulva,
===
* αδένας,
* αυτί,
* organTongue,
* εγκέφαλος,
* ενδοκρινεις-αδένες,
* εντερο,
* εξωκρινεις-αδένες,
* επίφυση,
* organSkin,
* δωδεκαδάκτυλο,
* θύμος-αδένας,
* θυροειδης-αδένας,
* organVagina,
* λάρυγγας,
* λεμφογαγγλια,
* organIntestineSmall,
* organEny,
* μεικτοί-αδένες,
* organUteras,
* μυς,
* μύτη,
* nerve,
* organKidney,
* οισοφάγος,
* όρχις,
* οστό,
* ουρήθρα,
* ουρητήρας,
* ουροδοχος-κυστης,
* πάγκρεας,
* παραθυροειδης-αδένας,
* παχύ-εντερο,
* πεος,
* πνεύμονας,
* σιελογόνος-αδένας,
* σπλήνα,
* σταφυλή,
* στόμα,
* στομάχι,
* glandLiver,
* τραχεία,
* υπόφυση,
* φαρυγγας,
* χοληδόχος-κύστη,
* ωοθήκες,

addressWpg::
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body,
"This article contains a list of organs of the human body. It is widely believed that there are 100 organs; however, there is no universally standard definition of what constitutes an organ, and some tissue groups' status as one is debated.[1] Since there is no single standard definition of what an organ is, the number of organs varies depending on how one defines an organ. For example, this list contains much more than 79 different organs."
[{2020-02-13} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organs_of_the_human_body]

disease of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'01_disease-001,
* McsEngl.organGland'att001_disease,
* McsEngl.organGland'disease-001,
* McsEngl.disease.028-adenosis,
* McsEngl.disease.adenosis-028,
* McsEngl.adenosis-disease, /adenósis/,

description::
"Adenosis is any disease of a gland. The diseased gland has abnormal formation or development of glandular tissue which is sometimes tumorous.[3]"
[{2020-03-14} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland#Clinical_significance]

secretory-product of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'02_secretory-product-002,
* McsEngl.organGland'att002-secretory-product,
* McsEngl.organGland'secreted-product-002,
* McsEngl.organGland'secretion-substance-002,
* McsEngl.organGland'secretory-product-002,

description::
"Product secreted
* Serous cells secrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells
* Mucous cells secrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
* Mixed glands secrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands: although the parotid gland 20%is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland 5% mainly mucous gland, and the submandibular gland 70%is a mixed, mainly serous gland.
* Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a lipid product. These glands are also known as oil glands, e.g. Fordyce spots and Meibomian glands."
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_gland]

shape of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'03_shape-004,
* McsEngl.organGland'att004-shape,
* McsEngl.organGland'shape-004,

description::
* tubular,
* alveolar,

structure of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'04_structure-006,
* McsEngl.organGland'structure-006,
* McsEngl.organGland'att006-structure,

description::
· the-structure contains a-duct or not etc.

DOING of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'05_doing-003,
* McsEngl.organGland'att003-doing,
* McsEngl.organGland'doing-003,

doing::
οι αδένες παράγουν ουσίες (έκκριμα & ορμόνη).

με το ορμονικό και το νευρικό-σύστημα ο οργανισμός μας πετυχαίνει υψηλό βαθμό
- επικοινωνίας
- συνεργασίας και
- συντονισμού μεταξύ των διαφόρων οργάνων του.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 123⧺cptRsc29⧺]

WHOLE-PART-TREE of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'whole-part-tree,

whole-tree-of-gland::
* sys-of-organs,
* McsEngl.gland//sysOrgans,

part-tree-of-gland::
* ,

wholeNo-tree-of-gland::
* ,

GENERIC-SPECIFIC-TREE of organGland

name::
* McsEngl.organGland'generic-specific-tree,

secretory-product of glandEndocrine

secretory-product::
* hormone,

glandEndocrine.SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-glandEndocrine::
* glandAdrenal,
* glandEpiphysis,
* glandHypophysis,
* glandHypothalamus,
* glandOvary,
* glandPancreas,
* glandPeneal,
* glandParathyroid,
* glandTestis,
* glandThymus,
* glandThyroid,

secretory-product

secretory-product::
"Product secreted
* Serous cells secrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells
* Mucous cells secrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
* Mixed glands secrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands: although the parotid gland 20%is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland 5% mainly mucous gland, and the submandibular gland 70%is a mixed, mainly serous gland.
* Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a lipid product. These glands are also known as oil glands, e.g. Fordyce spots and Meibomian glands."
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_gland]

duct of glandExocrine

name::
* McsEngl.glandExocrine'duct,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αγωγός-εξωκρινούς-αδένα,
* McsElln.κανάλι-εξωκρινούς-αδένα,
* McsElln.πόρος-εξωκρινούς-αδένα,

description::
"In anatomy and physiology, a duct is a circumscribed channel leading from an exocrine gland or organ."
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)]

structure of glandExocrine

structure::
έχουν εκφορητικό πόρο και αποχετεύουν το έκκριμμά τους σε κάποια κοιλότητα ή στην επιφάνεια του σώματος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 414⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretion-process of glandExocrine

name::
* McsEngl.glandExocrine'secretion-process,

description::
·

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-glandExocrine::
* salivary-gland,
===
"Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous."
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_gland]

structure

structure::
αποτελούνται από εξωκρινή και ενδοκρινή μοίρα.

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
* όρχις/TESTICLE,
* πάγκρεας/PANCREAS,
* ωοθήκες/OVARY,

disease of glandLiver

name::
* McsEngl.glandLiver'disease,

specific::
* cirrhosis,

secretory-product of glandLiver

name::
* McsEngl.glandLiver'secretory-product,

secretory-product::
χολή⧺cptBdyHmn275⧺

structure of glandLiver

name::
* McsEngl.glandLiver'structure,

structure::
χοληδόχος-κύστη⧺cptBdyHmn089⧺

βαρος:
το βάρος του είναι περίπου 1500 γραμμάρια.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 344⧺cptRsc31⧺]

DOING of glandLiver

name::
* McsEngl.glandLiver'doing,

doing::
το συκώτι εκτός από την
- παραγωγή της χολής κάνει και άλλες λειτουργίες που συνοπτικά είναι:
- αποθηκεύει γλυκογόνο, σίδηρο, βιταμίνες (B12),
- συνθέτει μερικές χημικές ουσίες απαραίτητες για την πήξη του αίματος,
- παράγει ουρία από αζωτούχες οργανικές ενώσεις (πρωτεΐνες),
- αποθηκεύει αίμα και
- παράγει ουσίες με αντιμικροβιακή δράση για την άμυνα του οργανισμού,
- κάνει διάφορες βιοχημικές συνθέσεις. Δικαιολογημένα το συκώτι θεωρείται ότι είναι το βιοχημικο εργαστηριο του οργανισμού μας.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 40⧺cptRsc29⧺]

ovarian-follicle

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn547-ovarian-follicle,
* McsEngl.ovarian-follicle,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ωοθυλακιο!=ovarian-follicle,

description::
analytic: ωοθυλακιο είναι κατασκευή της ωοθήκης που περιέχει ένα αδιαφοροποίητο ωάριο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 433⧺cptRsc31⧺]

στο εσωτερικό της ωοθήκης υπάρχουν 200.000 περίπου ωοθυλακια, καθένα από το οποία περιέχει ένα αδιαφοροποίητο ωάριο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 433⧺cptRsc31⧺]

whole-tree-of-ovarian-follicle::
* glandOvary,
* McsEngl.ovarian-follicle//glandOvary,

doing

doing::
η κύρια λειτουργία των ωοθηκών είναι η παραγωγή των θηλυκών γεννητικών κυττάρων, ωαρίων, και η έκκριση των γεννητικών ορμονών της οιστραδιολης και προγεστερονης.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 112⧺cptRsc29⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
* οιστραδιόλη,
* οιστρογόνα,
* προγεστερόνη,
* ωαρια,

structure

structure::
ωοθυλακια⧺cptBdyHmn547⧺

κάθε ωοθήκη έχει σχήμα αμυγδάλου και βρίσκεται στο πλάγιο τοίχωμα της μικρής λεκάνης.
στο εσωτερικό της υπάρχουν 200.000 περίπου ωοθυλακια, καθένα από το οποία περιέχει ένα αδιαφοροποίητο ωάριο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 433⧺cptRsc31⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
οι ωοθήκες είναι 2.

secretory-product of glandPancreas

secretory-product::
* γλυκαγόνη,
* ινσουλίνη,
* παγκρεατικο υγρό,

secretory-product of glandSalivary

secretory-product::
* saliva,

DOING of glandSalivary

doing::
εκκρίνουν .

glandSalivary.SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-glandSalivary::
οι σιελογόνοι αδένες είναι 3 ζευγάρια αδένων:
- οι παρωτιδες,
- οι υπογλωσσιοι και
- οι υπογναθιοι.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 36⧺cptRsc29⧺]

organGland.parotic-026

name::
* McsEngl.glandParotic, /parótik/,
* McsEngl.organGland.026-parotic,
* McsEngl.organGland.parotic-026,
* McsEngl.parotic-gland-026,

description::
"The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands.[1]"
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland]

organGland.submandibular-027

name::
* McsEngl.glandSubmandibular-027,
* McsEngl.organGland.027-submandibular,
* McsEngl.organGland.submandibular-027,
* McsEngl.submandibular-gland-027,

description::
"The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. They each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimulation their contribution decreases in proportion as the parotid secretion rises to 50%.[1]"
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submandibular_gland]

organGland.sublingual-028

name::
* McsEngl.glandSublingual-028,
* McsEngl.organGland.028-sublingual,
* McsEngl.organGland.sublingual-028,
* McsEngl.sublingual-gland-028,

description::
"The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. They are the smallest, most diffuse, and the only unencapsulated major salivary glands. They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume.[1] There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and Parotid glands.[2]"
[{2020-03-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublingual_gland]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
* ιδρωτοποιοι-αδένες,
* μαστός,
* σμηγματογονοι-αδένες,

secretory-product

secretory-product::
θυροξίνη⧺cptHrmnHmn013⧺

structure

structure::
βρίσκεται στο λαιμο κάτω από το λάρυγγα και αποτελείται από δύο λοβούς.
είναι αρκετά μεγάλος αδένας, ζυγίζει περί τα 25 γραμμάρια.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 120⧺cptRsc29⧺]

adrenal-cortex

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn545-adrenal-cortex,
* McsEngl.adrenal-cortex,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.φλοιός-επινεφριδίου,

description::
analytic: φλοιός επινεφριδίου είναι ενδοκρινής αδένας, το εξωτερικό μέρος των επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης,, 420⧺cptRsc31⧺]
===
τα επινεφρίδια διακρίνονται στην εσωτερική μυελώδη μοίρα και τον εξωτερικό φλοιο. Οι δύο μοίρες των επινεφριδίων αποτελούν δύο διαφορετικά ενδοκρινικά όργανα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 420⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-adrenal-cortex::
* glandEndocrine,
* McsEngl.adrenal-cortex:glandEndocrine,

whole-tree-of-adrenal-cortex::
* glandSuprarenal,
* McsEngl.adrenal-cortex//glandSuprarenal,

adrenal-medulla

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn546-adrenal-medulla,
* McsEngl.adrenal-medulla,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μυελός-επινεφριδίου!=adrenal-medulla,
* McsElln.μυελώδης-μοίρα-επινεφριδίου!=adrenal-medulla,

description::
analytic: μυελώδης μοίρα επινεφριδίου είναι ενδοκρινής αδένας, το εσωτερικό μέρος των επινεφριδίων.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 420⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-adrenal-medulla::
* glandEndocrine,
* McsEngl.adrenal-medulla:glandEndocrine,

whole-tree-of-adrenal-medulla::
* glandSuprarenal,
* McsEngl.adrenal-medulla//glandSuprarenal,

secretory-product

secretory-product::
μυελώδης μοίρα:
επινεφριδίνη (αδρεναλινη)
νορ-επινεφριδίνη (νορ-αδρεναλινη)

φλοιός:
κορτικοειδη
 αλατοκορτικοειδη
   αλδοστερόνη
 γλυκοκορτικοειδη
   κορτιζόλη

παράγουν μεταξύ των άλλων ορμονών και την αδρεναλινη, η οποία ελέγχει τους καρδιακούς παλμού, την αρτηριακή πίεση και την εγρήγορση (ετοιμότητα) στα ξαφνικά και γρήγορα ερεθίσματα.
ο φλοιός των επινεφριδίων εκκρίνει μία ομάδα ορμονών, τα κορτικοειδη, με διάφορες δράσεις όπως ρύθμιση του μεταβολισμού των αλάτων, των σακχάρων, των λιπών, των πρωτεϊνών κτλ.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 123⧺cptRsc29⧺]

structure

structure::
* μυελώδης-μοίρα,
* φλοιός,

στον άνω πόλο κάθε νεφρού βρίσκεται το σύστοιχο επινεφρίδιο, που είναι ενδοκρινής αδένας και δεν έχει καμία λειτουργική σχέση με το νεφρό.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 404⧺cptRsc31⧺]

τα επινεφρίδια βρίσκονται τοποθετημένα στον άνω πόλο των νεφρών και διακρίνονται στην εσωτερική μυελώδη μοίρα και τον εξετερικό φλοιο. Οι δύο μοίρες των επινεφριδίων αποτελούν δύο διαφορετικά ενδοκρινικά όργανα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 420⧺cptRsc31⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
είναι 2. κάθε νεφρό έχει και το σύστοιχο επινεφρίδιο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 404⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
παραθορμόνη⧺cptHrmnHmn020⧺

παράγει την παραθορμόνη που ρυθμίζει την κατανομή του ασβεστίου και του φωσφόρου στον οργανισμό.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 123⧺cptRsc29⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
στον άνθρωπο υπάρχουν συνήθως 4 παραθυρεοειδείς αδένες, οι οποίοι βρίσκονται στην πίσω επιφάνεια του θυρεοειδούς, ανά δύο πάνω σε κάθε λοβό του θυρεοειδούς.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 424⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
φαίνεται οτι σχετίζεται με το σχηματισμο αντισώματων κατά την εμβρυϊκή ηλικία.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 123⧺cptRsc29⧺]

structure

structure::
βρίσκεται στη θωρακική κοιλότητα και λειτουργεί μέχρι το 12ο έτος της ηλικίας
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 123⧺cptRsc29⧺]

disease

disease::
* cryptorchidism-disease,

sperm-tube

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn548-vas-deferens,
* McsEngl.vas-deferens,
* McsEngl.sperm-tube,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.σπερματικο-σωληνάριο!=sperm-tube,

description::
analytic: σπερματικο σωληνάριο είναι καθένα από τα πολυάριθμα περιελεγμένα σωληνάρια μέσα στους όρχεις.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 429⧺cptRsc31⧺]

whole-tree-of-sperm-tube::
* glandTesticle,
* McsEngl.sperm-tube//glandTesticle,

evoluting

evoluting::
κατά την εμβρυϊκή ζωή οι όρχεις βρίσκονται μέσα στην κοιλιά και έχουν κοινή καταγωγή με τα όργανα του ουροποιητικού συστήματος. Μέχρι τη γεννηση όμως κατεβαίνουν και τελικά εγκαθίστανται κάτω από το πέος σ' ένα δερμάτινο σάκο, το οσχεο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 428⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
* αντρικές-ορμόνες,
* σπερματοζωαρια,

κάθε όρχις είναι μεικτός αδένας που σάν εξωκρινής παράγει τα σπερματοζωαρια και ως ενδοκρινής τις αντρικές ορμόνες.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 428⧺cptRsc31⧺]

structure

structure::
* ινώδης καψα,
* σπερματικα-σωληναρια,
* διαμεσα-κύτταρα,

κάθε όρχις έχει σχήμα πεπλατυσμένου αυγού και αποτελείται εξωτερικά από μία ινωδη καψα και εσωτερικά από πολυάριθμα περιελεγμένα σωληνάρια, τα σπερματικα σωληναρια. Μεταξύ των σπερματικων σωληναρίων υπάρχουν τα διαμεσα κύτταρα που παράγουν τις αντρικές ορμόνες. Από τα κύτταρα του τοιχώματος των σπερματικών σωληναρίων παράγονται τα σπερματοζωάρια.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 429⧺cptRsc31⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
οι όρχεις είναι δύο: ο αριστερός και ο δεξιός.

doing

doing::
με την αποβολή του ιδρώτα συντελούν στην απομάκρυνση άχρηστων ουσιών και τη ρύθμιση της θερμοκρασίας του σώματος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 289⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
ιδρωτας

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
υπάρχουν 2-3 εκατομμύρια ιδρωτοποιοί αδένες.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 289⧺cptRsc31⧺]

doing

doing::
εκκρίνουν το σμήγμα στους θυλάκους των τριχών και στην επιφάνεια του δέρματος το οποίο και λιπαίνουν.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 289⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
σμηγμα,

breast-milk

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn549-breast-milk,
* McsEngl.breast-milk,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μητρικο-γάλα,

description::
analytic: μητρικο γάλα είναι η παραγόμενη ουσία των μαστων για τη θρέψη του μωρού.

evoluting

evoluting::
οι μαστοί αναπτύσσονται, στη θέση των παιδικών μαστών, στις γυναίκες μετά την ήβη.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 289⧺cptRsc31⧺]

secretory-product

secretory-product::
μητρικο γάλα⧺cptBdyHmn549⧺

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
* αριστερός μαστός,
* δεξιός μαστός,

structure of extracellular-fluid

structure::
* άλατα,
* αμινοξέα,
* βιταμίνες,
* γλυκόζη,
* διοξείδιο-του-άνθρακα,
* νερό,
* λιπίδια,
* οξυγόνο,
* ορμόνες,
* ουρία,
* ουρικό-οξύ,

το υγρό αυτό περιέχει νερό, λιπίδια, γλυκόζη, άλατα, αμινοξέα, οξυγόνο, ορμόνες και βιταμίνες λέγεται υγρό των ιστών.
στο υγρό των ιστών υπάρχουν όμως και προϊόντα άχρηστα, όπως διοξείδιο του άνθρακα, ουρία, ουρικό οξύ κα, τα οποία θα απομακρύνθούν με τις φλέβες.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 55⧺cptRsc29⧺]

doing

doing::
* doingHomeostasis,

υγρό των ιστών: το μεσοκυττάριο υγρό μέσω του οποίου επιτελούνται οι ανταλλαγές θρεπτικών και άχρηστων ουσιών, και αναπνευστικών αερίων μεταξύ κυττάρων και αίματος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 150⧺cptRsc29⧺]

doing

doing::
το επιθήλιο των εξωτερικών επιφανειών αποτελεί
- προστατευτικο καλυμμα για τον οργανισμο και συντελεί στο να αποφεύγονται επιβλαβείς επιδράσεις από μυτερά αντικείμενα και μικρόβια. Επίσης
- εμποδιζει την ξηρανση από αφυδάτωση των εξωτερικών ιστών.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 7⧺cptRsc29⧺]
===
το επιθήλιο των εσωτερικών επιφανειών έχει προσαρμοστεί σε διάφορα είδη λειτουργιών, όπως
- απορροφηση (λάχνες)
- εκκριση
- απέκκριση.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 8⧺cptRsc29⧺]

structure

structure::
χαρακτηριστικό του επιθηλιακού ιστού είναι ότι τα κύτταρα του είναι κοντά το ένα με το άλλο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 7⧺cptRsc29⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
* αδενικος-ιστός,
* καλυπτήριος-ιστός,
===
ο επιθηλιακός ιστός διακρίνεται στον
- καλυπτηριο και τον
- αδενικό.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 7⧺cptRsc29⧺]

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
* οστίτης-ιστός,
* συνδετικός-ιστός,
* χονδρικός-ιστός,

O ερειστικός ιστός περιλαμβάνει
α) το συνδετικο ιστό που παρουσιάζει πολύ μεγάλη ποικιλία μορφών και λειτουργιών και βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα κύτταρα όλων των άλλων ιστών είτε για να συνδέει είτε για να γεμίζει τους μεγάλους μεσοκυττάριους χώρους.
β) το χονδρικό ιστό και
γ) τον οστιτη ιστό από τον οποίο αποτελούνται τα διάφορα οστά.

tissue.cartilage

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn099-tissue.cartilage,
* McsEngl.tissue.cartilage,
* McsEngl.tissueCartilage,
* McsEngl.cartilage-tissue,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ιστός.χονδρικός!=tissueCartilage, {2012-08-11},
* McsElln.χονδρικός-ιστός!=tissueCartilage, {2012-08-11},
* McsElln.χόνδρινος-ιστός!=tissueCartilage, {2012-08-11},

description::
analytic: χονδρικός ιστός είναι ένα είδος ερειστικού ιστού.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]
===
από χονδρικό ιστό αποτελούνται οι χόνδροι.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 238⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-tissueCartilage::
* tissueSkeletal,
* McsEngl.tissueSkeletal:tissueSkeletal,

structure of tissueMuscle

structure::
μυικό κύτταρο⧺cptBdyHmn105⧺

tissueMuscle.SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-tissueMuscle::
γραμμωτός μυϊκός ιστός⧺cptBdyHmn381⧺,
λείος μυϊκός ιστός⧺cptBdyHmn382⧺,
μυοκαρδίου μυϊκός ιστός⧺cptBdyHmn383⧺,

ο μυϊκός ιστός διακρίνεται σε λείο, γραμμωτο και μυοκαρδίου.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 238⧺cptRsc31⧺]

tissue.striated-muscle-009

name::
* McsEngl.muscleStriated,
* McsEngl.tissue.striated-muscle!⇒tissueMuscleStriated,
* McsEngl.tissue.009-striated-muscle!⇒tissueMuscleStriated,
* McsEngl.tissueMuscleStriated,
* McsEngl.striated-muscle-tissue!⇒tissueMuscleStriated,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γραμμωτός-μυϊκός-ιστός!=tissueMuscleStriated,
* McsElln.ιστός.γραμμωτός!=tissueMuscleStriated,

description::
analytic: γραμμωτός μυϊκός ιστός είναι μυϊκός ιστός.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 238⧺cptRsc31⧺]

generic-tree-of-muscleStriated::
* tissueMuscle,
* McsEngl.muscleStriated:tissueMuscle,

tissue.smooth-muscle-010

name::
* McsEngl.muscleSmooth,
* McsEngl.tissue.smooth-muscle!⇒tissueMuscleSmooth,
* McsEngl.tissue.010-smooth-muscle!⇒tissueMuscleSmooth,
* McsEngl.tissueMuscleSmooth,
* McsEngl.smooth-muscle-tissue!⇒tissueMuscleSmooth,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ιστός.λείος!=tissueMuscleSmooth,
* McsElln.λείος-μυϊκός-ιστός!=tissueMuscleSmooth,

description::
analytic: λείος μυϊκός ιστός είναι μυϊκός ιστός.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 238⧺cptRsc31⧺]
===
synthetic: ο λείος μυϊκός ιστός αποτελείται από λεια-μυικά-κύτταρα.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-muscleSmooth::
* tissueMuscle,
* McsEngl.muscleSmooth:tissueMuscle,

doing of tissueConnective

doing::
βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα κύτταρα όλων των άλλων ιστών
- είτε για να συνδέει
- είτε για να γεμίζει τους μεγάλους μεσοκυττάριους χώρους.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 9⧺cptRsc29⧺]

structure of tissueConnective

structure::
βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα κύτταρα όλων των άλλων ιστών είτε για να συνδέει είτε για να γεμίζει τους μεγάλους μεσοκυττάριους χώρους.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 9⧺cptRsc29⧺]

tissueConnective.SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-tissueConnective::
* blood,
* αρχικος σκελετός,
* περιόστεο,
* χόνδρος,

ο συνδετικός ιστός παρουσιάζει πολύ μεγάλη ποικιλία μορφών και λειτουργιών. Τύποι συνδετικού ιστού είναι το
- αίμα, το
- περιόστεο, ο
- αρχικος σκελετός.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 9⧺cptRsc29⧺]

cell (link) of tissueBone

osteoid of organBone

description::
analytic: η οστέινη ουσία παράγεται από τους cellOsteoblast.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 12⧺cptRsc29⧺]

name::
* McsEngl.organBone'osteoid,
* McsEngl.organBone'att002-osteoid,
* McsEngl.osteoid,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.οστέινη-ουσία,
* McsElln.οστεΐνη,

mineral of tissueBone

name::
* McsEngl.tissueBone'mineral,
* McsEngl.organBone'mineral,

description::
"Bone mineral (also called inorganic bone phase, bone salt, or bone apatite) is the inorganic component of bone tissue. It gives bones their compressive strength. Bone mineral is formed from carbonated hydroxyapatite[1][2] with lower crystallinity.[1][3]
Bone mineral is formed from globular and plate structures[3][4] distributed among the collagen fibrils of bone and forming yet a larger structure. The bone salt and collagen fibers together constitute the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. Often the plural form "bone salts" is used; it reflects the notion of various salts that, on the level of molecular metabolism, can go into the formation of the hydroxyapatite.
Bone mineral is dynamic in living animals; it is continually being resorbed and built anew in the bone remodeling process. In fact, the bones function as a bank or storehouse in which calcium can be continually withdrawn for use or deposited for storage, as dictated by homeostasis, which maintains the concentration of calcium ions in the blood serum within a particular range despite the variability of muscle tissue metabolism. Parathormone and calcitonin are the principal hormones with which the neuroendocrine system controls this ongoing process. The parathyroid and thyroid glands in the neck produce those hormones; thus, problems with those glands (such as hypo- or hyperparathyroidism or hypo- or hyperthyroidism) can create problems with bone mineral density (as well as hypo- or hypercalcemia)."
[{2020-06-02} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_mineral]

structure of tissueBone

structure::
ο οστίτης ιστός αποτελείται από
- οστέινη-ουσία
- οστεοβλάστες
- άλατα του ασβεστίου
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 12⧺cptRsc29⧺]

bodyMtrHmn.healthNo

name::
* McsEngl.bodyMtrHmn.healthNo,
* McsEngl.healthNo-bodyMtrHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'healthNo-bodyMtrHmn,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att057-healthNo-bodyMtrHmn,

description::
· related-material-bodies (internal or external) not affected human-health.

bodyMtrHmn.external

name::
* McsEngl.bodyMtrHmn.external,
* McsEngl.bodyMtrHmnPrtN,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'external-bodyMtr,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'att040-external-bodyMtr,

description::
* harmful,
* harmfulNo,

sun

description::
analytic: ο ήλιος είναι ένα επιβλαβές-εξωτερικό-αντικείμενο του περιβάλλοντος του οργανισμού.

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn247-sun,
* McsEngl.sun,
====== langoSinago:
* McsSngo.staroHo,
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.tàiyáng-太阳!=sun,
* McsZhon.太阳-tàiyáng!=sun,
====== langoEsperanto:
* McsEspo.sunon!=sun,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ήλιος!ο!=sun,

dietary-reference-intake-DRI-1997-system of nutrient

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient'rcmdtn'dietary-reference-intake-(DRI)-system,
* McsEngl.nutrient'dietary-reference-intake-(DRI)-system-003-6,
* McsEngl.nutrient'DRI-dietary-reference-intake-system-003-6,
* McsEngl.DRI-dietary-reference-intake-system-of-nutrient-003-6,
* McsEngl.dietary-reference-intake-DRI-system-of-nutrient-003-6,
* McsEngl.dietary-reference-values,
===
"The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States, but values may differ.[4][3]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake]

description::
"The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States).[1] It was introduced in 1997 in order to broaden the existing guidelines known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs, see below).
The DRI values differ from those used in nutrition labeling on food and dietary supplement products in the U.S. and Canada, which uses Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs) and Daily Values (%DV) which were based on outdated RDAs from 1968 but were updated as of 2016.[2]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake]

recomended-dietary-allowances-RDA-1968-system of nutrient

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient'rcmdtn'RDA-1968-system,
* McsEngl.nutrient'rcmdtn'recomended-dietary-allowances-RDA-1968-system,

description::
"The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were a set of nutrition recommendations that evolved into both the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) system of nutrition recommendations (which still defines RDA values) and the RDIs used for food labelling. The first regulations governing U.S. nutrition labels specified a % U.S. RDA declaration based on the current RDA values, which had been published in 1968. Later, the % U.S. RDA was renamed the %DV and the RDA values that the %DVs were based on became the RDIs.
The RDAs (and later the RDA values within the DRI) were regularly revised to reflect the latest scientific information, but although the nutrition labeling regulations were occasionally updated, the existing RDI values were not changed, so that until 2016 many of the DVs used on nutrition facts labels were still based on the outdated RDAs from 1968. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration published changes to the regulations including updated RDIs and DVs based primarily on the RDAs in the current DRI."
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake]

safety of nutrient

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient'att002-safety,
* McsEngl.nutrient'safety-att002,

description::
· the-quantity of a-nutrient is very important for the-health.
· deficiency and excess of a-nutrient are harmfull.
===
"The gap between recommended daily intake and what are considered safe upper limits (ULs) can be small. For example, for calcium the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the recommended intake for adults over 70 years at 1,200 mg/day and the UL at 2,000 mg/day.[14] The European Union also sets recommended amounts and upper limits, which are not always in accord with the U.S.[15] Likewise, Japan, which sets the UL for iodine at 3000 μg versus 1100 for the U.S. and 600 for the EU.[33] In the table above, magnesium appears to be an anomaly as the recommended intake for adult men is 420 mg/day (women 350 mg/day) while the UL is lower than the recommended, at 350 mg. The reason is that the UL is specific to consuming more than 350 mg of magnesium all at once, in the form of a dietary supplement, as this may cause diarrhea. Magnesium-rich foods do not cause this problem.[35]"
[{2020-03-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)#Safety]

generic-tree of nutrient

generic-of-nutrient::
* bodyMaterialHumanPartHealthPositive,

specific-tree of nutrient

specific-of-nutrient::
* essential-nutrient,
===
* eyeMicro-nutrient,
* eye-nutrient-(food),

trace-atom.sulfur-S-(0.3%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.006-sulfur-S-(0.3%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.sulfur-S-(0.3%)-006,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'sulfur-S-(0.3%),
* McsEngl.sulfurAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.sulfur-S-(0.3%),

description::
"Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. It is either the seventh or eighth most abundant element in the human body by weight, about equal in abundance to potassium, and slightly greater than sodium and chlorine. A 70 kg (150 lb) human body contains about 140 grams of sulfur."
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientSulfur::
* sulfur,

trace-atom.chlorine-Cl-(0.2%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.007-chlorine-Cl-(0.2%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.chlorine-Cl-(0.2%)-007,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'chlorine-Cl-(0.2%),
* McsEngl.chlorineAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.chlorine-Cl-(0.2%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.chlorine-Cl-(0.2%),

description::
"The chloride anion is an essential nutrient for metabolism. Chlorine is needed for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions.[95] The main dietary source is table salt, or sodium chloride. Overly low or high concentrations of chloride in the blood are examples of electrolyte disturbances. Hypochloremia (having too little chloride) rarely occurs in the absence of other abnormalities. It is sometimes associated with hypoventilation.[96] It can be associated with chronic respiratory acidosis.[97] Hyperchloremia (having too much chloride) usually does not produce symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they tend to resemble those of hypernatremia (having too much sodium). Reduction in blood chloride leads to cerebral dehydration; symptoms are most often caused by rapid rehydration which results in cerebral edema. Hyperchloremia can affect oxygen transport.[98]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientChlorine::
* chlorine,

trace-atom.cobalt-Co of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.008-cobalt-Co,
* McsEngl.nutrient.cobalt-Co-008,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'cobalt-Co,
* McsEngl.cobaltAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.cobalt-Co-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.cobalt-Co-b,

description::
"Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals. It is a key constituent of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element.[112][113] Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B12, a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea. A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of grazing animals, and an uptake of 0.20 mg/kg a day is recommended because they have no other source of vitamin B12.[114]
Proteins based on cobalamin use corrin to hold the cobalt. Coenzyme B12 features a reactive C-Co bond that participates in the reactions.[115] In humans, B12 has two types of alkyl ligand: methyl and adenosyl. MeB12 promotes methyl (−CH3) group transfers. The adenosyl version of B12 catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X, which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) converts MMl-CoA to Su-CoA, an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.[116]
Although far less common than other metalloproteins (e.g. those of zinc and iron), other cobaltoproteins are known besides B12. These proteins include methionine aminopeptidase 2, an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B12, but binds cobalt directly. Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is nitrile hydratase, an enzyme in bacteria that metabolizes nitriles.[117]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientCobalt::
* cobalt,

trace-atom.copper-Cu of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.009-copper-Cu,
* McsEngl.nutrient.copper-Cu-009,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'copper-Cu,
* McsEngl.copperAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.copper-Cu-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.copper-Cu-b,

description::
"Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass.[145]
Absorption
Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin.[146] After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase, which involves the protein ceruloplasmin, carrying the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source.[147] Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.[148][149]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientCopper::
* copper,

trace-atom.iron-Fe of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.010-iron-Fe,
* McsEngl.nutrient.iron-Fe-010,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'iron,
* McsEngl.ironHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.iron-Fe,

description::
"Iron is required for life.[5][131][132] The iron–sulfur clusters are pervasive and include nitrogenase, the enzymes responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. Iron-containing proteins participate in transport, storage and used of oxygen.[5] Iron proteins are involved in electron transfer.[133]
Examples of iron-containing proteins in higher organisms include hemoglobin, cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase.[5][134] The average adult human contains about 0.005% body weight of iron, or about four grams, of which three quarters is in hemoglobin – a level that remains constant despite only about one milligram of iron being absorbed each day,[133] because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content.[135]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_and_pathological_role]
===
How Much Iron is in the Human Body?
There is enough iron in the human body to make one small nail.
Compared to all other elements in the human body, iron makes up roughly 0.006%.
On average, the body loses 1-2 milligrams of iron a day through sweat, urine, and menstrual cycles.
Iron is replenished through food.
[http://www.wisegeek.com/how-much-iron-is-in-the-human-body.htm?m, {2014-09-21}]

generic-tree-of-nutrientIron::
* iron,

trace-atom.manganese-Mn of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.011-manganese-Mn,
* McsEngl.nutrient.manganese-Mn-011,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'manganese-Mn,
* McsEngl.manganeseAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.manganese-Mn-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.manganese-Mn-b,

description::
"Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.[57] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys.[24] In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes.[58]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutritionManganese::
* manganese,

trace-atom.molybdenum-Mo of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.012-molybdenum-Mo,
* McsEngl.nutrient.molybdenum-Mo-012,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'molybdenum-Mo,
* McsEngl.molybdenumAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.molybdenum-Mo-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.molybdenum-Mo-b,

description::
"Molybdenum is an essential trace dietary element.[75] Four mammalian Mo-dependent enzymes are known, all of them harboring a pterin-based molybdenum cofactor (Moco) in their active site: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase.[76] People severely deficient in molybdenum have poorly functioning sulfite oxidase and are prone to toxic reactions to sulfites in foods.[77][78] The human body contains about 0.07 mg of molybdenum per kilogram of body weight,[79] with higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys and lower in the vertebrae.[37] Molybdenum is also present within human tooth enamel and may help prevent its decay.[80]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientMolybdenum::
* molybdenum,

trace-atom.selenium-Se of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.013-selenium-Se,
* McsEngl.nutrient.selenium-Se-013,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'selenium-Se,
* McsEngl.seleniumAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.selenium-Se-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.selenium-Se-b,

description::
"Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase.[1] Selenium-containing proteins are produced from inorganic selenium via the intermediacy of selenophosphate (PSeO33−)."

generic-tree-of-nutrientSelenium::
* selenium,

trace-atom.zinc-Zn of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.014-zinc-Zn,
* McsEngl.nutrient.zinc-Zn-014,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'zinc-Zn,
* McsEngl.zincAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.zinc-Zn-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.zinc-Zn-b,

description::
"Zinc is an essential trace element for humans[169][170][171] and other animals,[172] for plants[98] and for microorganisms.[173] Zinc is required for the function of over 300 enzymes and 1000 transcription factors,[171] and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins.[174][175] It is the second most abundant trace metal in humans after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes.[98][171]
In proteins, zinc ions are often coordinated to the amino acid side chains of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine and histidine. The theoretical and computational description of this zinc binding in proteins (as well as that of other transition metals) is difficult.[176]
Roughly 2–4 grams of zinc[177] are distributed throughout the human body. Most zinc is in the brain, muscle, bones, kidney, and liver, with the highest concentrations in the prostate and parts of the eye.[178] Semen is particularly rich in zinc, a key factor in prostate gland function and reproductive organ growth.[179]
Zinc homeostasis of the body is mainly controlled by the intestine. Here, ZIP4 and especially TRPM7 were linked to intestinal zinc uptake essential for postnatal survival.[180][181]
In humans, the biological roles of zinc are ubiquitous.[9][170] It interacts with "a wide range of organic ligands",[9] and has roles in the metabolism of RNA and DNA, signal transduction, and gene expression. It also regulates apoptosis. A review from 2015 indicated that about 10% of human proteins (~3000) bind zinc,[182] in addition to hundreds more that transport and traffic zinc; a similar in silico study in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana found 2367 zinc-related proteins.[98]
In the brain, zinc is stored in specific synaptic vesicles by glutamatergic neurons and can modulate neuronal excitability.[170][171][183] It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity and so in learning.[170][184] Zinc homeostasis also plays a critical role in the functional regulation of the central nervous system.[170][183][171] Dysregulation of zinc homeostasis in the central nervous system that results in excessive synaptic zinc concentrations is believed to induce neurotoxicity through mitochondrial oxidative stress (e.g., by disrupting certain enzymes involved in the electron transport chain, including complex I, complex III, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase), the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, glutamatergic neuronal excitotoxicity, and interference with intraneuronal signal transduction.[170][185] L- and D-histidine facilitate brain zinc uptake.[186] SLC30A3 is the primary zinc transporter involved in cerebral zinc homeostasis.[170]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientZinc::
* zinc-atom,

trace-atom.iodine-I of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.015-iodine-I,
* McsEngl.nutrient.iodine-I-015,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'iodine-I,
* McsEngl.iodineAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.iodine-I-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.iodine-I-b,

description::
"Iodine is an essential element for life and, at atomic number Z = 53, is the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms. (Lanthanum and the other lanthanides, as well as tungsten with Z = 74, are used by a few microorganisms.)[86][87] It is required for the synthesis of the growth-regulating thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3 respectively, named after their number of iodine atoms). A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4 and a concomitant enlargement of the thyroid tissue in an attempt to obtain more iodine, causing the disease known as simple goitre. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4), which has a longer half-life than T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is between 14:1 and 20:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to four times more potent than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5'-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a'). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes; thus dietary selenium is essential for T3 production.[88]
Iodine accounts for 65% of the molecular weight of T4 and 59% of T3. Fifteen to 20 mg of iodine is concentrated in thyroid tissue and hormones, but 70% of all iodine in the body is found in other tissues, including mammary glands, eyes, gastric mucosa, fetal thymus, cerebro-spinal fluid and choroid plexus, arterial walls, the cervix, and salivary glands. In the cells of those tissues, iodide enters directly by sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). The action of iodine in mammary tissue is related to fetal and neonatal development, but in the other tissues, it is (at least) partially unknown.[89]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientIodine::
* iodine,

mineral.calcium-Ca-(1.5%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.016-calcium-Ca-(1.5%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.calcium-Ca-(1.5%)-016,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'calcium-Ca-(1.5%),
* McsEngl.calcium-Ca-(1.5%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.calcium-Ca-(1.5%),
* McsEngl.calciumAtmHmn,

description::
"Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the human body."
[{2020-02-03} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium]
"Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of body weight."
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)]

generic-tree-of-calciumAtmHmn::
* calcium,

mineral.phosphorus-P-(1%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.017-phosphorus-P-(1%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.phosphorus-P-(1%)-017,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'phosphorus-P-(1%),
* McsEngl.phosphorusAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.phosphorus-P-(1%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.phosphorus-P-(1%),

description::
"Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO3−4 is required for all known forms of life.[84] Phosphorus plays a major role in the structural framework of DNA and RNA. Living cells use phosphate to transport cellular energy with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), necessary for every cellular process that uses energy. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones.[13] Biochemists commonly use the abbreviation "Pi" to refer to inorganic phosphate.[85]
Every living cell is encased in a membrane that separates it from its surroundings. Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Phospholipids are derived from glycerol with two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons replaced by fatty acids as an ester, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.[86]
An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85–90% in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%). The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65–1.1 weight% in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.[87] An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as H2PO−4 and HPO2−4. Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells."
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientPhosphorus::
* phosphorus,

mineral.potassium-K-(0.4%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.018-potassium-K-(0.4%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.potassium-K-(0.4%)-018,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'potassium-K-(0.4%),
* McsEngl.potassiumAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.potassium-K-(0.4%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.potassium-K-(0.4%),

description::
"Potassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium.[52] The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant (with the exception of the ubiquitous CHON elements).[53] Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes.[54]
Biochemical function
Potassium levels influence multiple physiological processes, including[55][56][57]
* resting cellular-membrane potential and the propagation of action potentials in neuronal, muscular, and cardiac tissue. Due to the electrostatic and chemical properties, K+
* ions are larger than Na+
* ions, and ion channels and pumps in cell membranes can differentiate between the two ions, actively pumping or passively passing one of the two ions while blocking the other.[58]
* hormone secretion and action
* vascular tone
* systemic blood pressure control
* gastrointestinal motility
* acid–base homeostasis
* glucose and insulin metabolism
* mineralocorticoid action
* renal concentrating ability
* fluid and electrolyte balance"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientPotassium::
* potassium,

mineral.sodium-Na-(0.2%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.019-sodium-Na-(0.2%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.sodium-Na-(0.2%)-019,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'sodium-Na-(0.2%),
* McsEngl.sodiumAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.sodium-Na-(0.2%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.sodium-Na-(0.2%),

description::
"In humans, sodium is an essential mineral that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH. The minimum physiological requirement for sodium is estimated to range from about 120 milligrams per day in newborns to 500 milligrams per day over the age of 10.[76]
Diet
Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as pickled preserves and jerky; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from processed foods.[77] Other sources of sodium are its natural occurrence in food and such food additives as monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate.[78]"
[{2020-03-20} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium#Biological_role]

generic-tree-of-nutrientSodium::
* sodium,

mineral.magnesium-Mg-(0.1%) of bodyHmn

name::
* McsEngl.nutrient.020-magnesium-Mg-(0.1%),
* McsEngl.nutrient.magnesium-Mg-(0.1%)-020,
* McsEngl.bodyHmn'magnesium-Mg-(0.1%),
* McsEngl.magnesiumAtmHmn,
* McsEngl.magnesium-Mg-(0.1%)-bodyHmn,
* McsEngl.atomHmn.magnesium-Mg-(0.1%),

description::
"The important interaction between phosphate and magnesium ions makes magnesium essential to the basic nucleic acid chemistry of all cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 enzymes require magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes using or synthesizing ATP and those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA. The ATP molecule is normally found in a chelate with a magnesium ion.[51]"
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium#Biological_roles]

generic-tree-of-nutrientMagnesium::
* magnesiumAtom,

01_disease (link) of vitamin

02_indication of vitamin

name::
* McsEngl.vitamind'02_indication,
* McsEngl.vitamind'indication,

description::
·

03_dietary-recommendation of vitamin

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin'03_diatary-recommendation,
* McsEngl.vitamin'diatary-recommendation,

description::
·

04_food-source of vitamin

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin'04_food-source,
* McsEngl.vitamin'food-source,

description::
·

SPECIFIC

specific-tree-of-::
vitamin.alphabetically:
* vitamin-A,
* vitamin-B,
* vitamin-C,
* vitamin-D,
* vitamin-E,
* vitamin-fat_soluble,
* vitamin-K,
* vitamin-water_soluble,

vitamin.A

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.A,

description::
A study in mice suggests that vitamin A plays an important role in learning and memory, a finding that researchers say underscores concerns about vitamin A deficiency in some 190 million children throughout the world.
[http://dailynews.yahoo.com/headlines/hl/ 1999jan09]

vitamin.B

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.B,

description::
καταπολεμουν στρες.

_FOOD:
* http://www.healthwellness.tips/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Vitamin-B-Foods.jpg,

vitamin.B3

McsHitp-creation:: {2012-08-14},

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.B3,
* McsEngl.niacin, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.nicotinic-acid, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.vitaminB3, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.vitaminPP, {2012-08-14},

description::
Niacin (also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid and vitamin PP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the forty to eighty essential human nutrients.
Niacin is one of five vitamins (when lacking in human diet) associated with a pandemic deficiency disease: niacin deficiency (pellagra), vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), thiamin deficiency (beriberi), vitamin D deficiency (rickets), vitamin A deficiency (night blindness and other symptoms). Niacin has been used for over 50 years to increase levels of HDL in the blood and has been found to modestly decrease the risk of cardiovascular events in a number of controlled human trials.
This colorless, water-soluble solid is a derivative of pyridine, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the 3-position. Other forms of vitamin B3 include the corresponding amide, nicotinamide ("niacinamide"), where the carboxyl group has been replaced by a carboxamide group (CONH2), as well as more complex amides and a variety of esters. Niacin and Vitamin B3 are the generic terms for both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, which are often used interchangeably to refer to any member of this family of compounds, since they have similar biochemical activity.[3]
Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but both compounds could be converted to NAD and NADP in vivo. Although the two are identical in their vitamin activity, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacological effects (lipid modifying effects) as niacin. Nicotinamide does not reduce cholesterol or cause flushing.[4] Nicotinamide may be toxic to the liver at doses exceeding 3 g/day for adults.[5] Niacin is a precursor to NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH, which play essential metabolic roles in living cells.[6] Niacin is involved in both DNA repair, and the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin]
===
νιασίνη (νικοτινικό οξύ)

γάλα - ψωμί - πατάτες -κρέας - πράσινα λαχανικά - συκώτι

διαταραχές στο Κνσ, ραγάδες στο δέρμα φλεγμονή του βλεννογόνου του στόματος (πελάγρα)
[http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL-A105/321/2155,7805/]

vitamin.B9

McsHitp-creation:: {2012-08-14},

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.B9,
* McsEngl.folacin, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.folate, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.folic-acid, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.pteroylmonoglutamic-acid, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.pteroyl-L-glutamate, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.pteroyl-L-glutamic-acid, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.vitaminB9, {2012-08-14},
* McsEngl.vitaminBc, {2012-08-14},
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.φολασίνη,
* McsElln.φολικό-οξύ,
* McsElln.φυλλικό-οξύ,

description::
Folic acid (also known as folate (the form naturally occurring in the body), vitamin B9,[3] vitamin Bc[4] (or folacin), pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate, and pteroylmonoglutamic acid[5]) are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Folic acid is itself not biologically active, but its biological importance is due to tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives after its conversion to dihydrofolic acid in the liver.[6]
Vitamin B9 (folic acid and folate) is essential to numerous bodily functions. The human body needs folate to synthesize DNA, repair DNA, and methylate DNA as well as to act as a cofactor in certain biological reactions.[7] It is especially important in aiding rapid cell division and growth, such as in infancy and pregnancy. Children and adults both require folic acid to produce healthy red blood cells and prevent anemia.[8]
Folate and folic acid derive their names from the Latin word folium (which means "leaf"). Leafy vegetables are a principal source, although in Western diets fortified cereals and bread may be a larger dietary source.[citation needed]
A lack of dietary folic acid leads to folate deficiency, which is uncommon in normal Western diets.[citation needed] A complete lack of dietary folate takes months before deficiency develops as normal individuals have about 500–20,000 µg[9] of folate in body stores.[10] This deficiency can result in many health problems, the most notable one being neural tube defects in developing embryos. Common symptoms of folate deficiency include diarrhea, macrocytic anemia with weakness or shortness of breath, nerve damage with weakness and limb numbness (peripheral neuropathy)[citation needed], pregnancy complications, mental confusion, forgetfulness or other cognitive declines, mental depression, sore or swollen tongue, peptic or mouth ulcers, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. Low levels of folate can also lead to homocysteine accumulation.[7] DNA synthesis and repair are impaired and this could lead to cancer development.[7]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid]

vitamin.C

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.C,

ενδειξεις:
* πρόληψη και θεραπεία σκορβουτου,
** καταστάσεις αυξημένων αναγκών: κύηση, γαλουχία, λοιμώξεις, ανάρρωση
** σιδηροπενικές αναιμίες, επειδή διευκολύνει την εντερική απορρόφηση σιδήρου,
** εκτεταμένα εγκαυματα ή τραυμα, επιταχύνει επούλωση.
[REDOXON, ROCHE]
**αντιοξειδωτικο κλειδι για την προστασια από καρκινο.
μπορει να διεγείρει την απορροφηση σιδηρου από τον οργανισμο.

vitamin.D

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.D,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βιταμίνη-του-ήλιου,

description::
Vitamin D is the only vitamin that is technically a hormone.
Vitamin D is technically classified as a hormone — a chemical made by the body — rather than a standard vitamin. Unlike other vitamins, the vitamin D hormone can be created by the body instead of being absorbed through the consumption of foods. The body is able to make vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. It is then sent to the liver and converted to a hormone that primarily helps with bone strength. People who are unable to have regular access to sunlight and are at risk for vitamin D deficiency can take supplements as a substitution but are generally unable to get enough from their diet.
http://www.wisegeek.com/is-vitamin-d-a-hormone.htm?m, {2012-10-10},

διεγείρει την απορόφηση ασβεστίου:
αρκετές μελέτες έχουν συνδέσει τα χαμηλά επιπεδα βιταμίνης D, με αυξημένο κίνδυνο ανάπτυξης καρκίνου του παχύ εντέρου.

μείωση-χοληστερίνης:
έρευνα: η βιταμίνη D μειώνει τη χοληστερόλη
{2014-03-17},
ακόμη και για την καρδιά είναι σημαντική η βιταμίνη D, καθώς σύμφωνα με νέα μελέτη μειώνει τα επίπεδα της χοληστερόλης.
τη διαπίστωση αυτή έκαναν ερευνητές από το ιατρικό κολέγιο τζέφερσον στη φιλαδέλφεια των Ηπα, οι οποίοι διαπίστωσαν ότι η λεγόμενη βιταμίνη του ήλιου μειώνει την κακή χοληστερόλη LDL και κυρίως στις γυναίκες που βρίσκονται στην εμμηνόπαυση.
η μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη συμμετοχή 576 γυναικών που είχαν μπει στην εμμηνόπαυση, από τις οποίες οι μισές λάμβαναν καθημερινά συγκεκριμένη ποσότητα βιταμίνης D σε συνδυασμό με ασβέστιο, για να απορροφάται σωστά από τον οργανισμό. Στις υπόλοιπες οι επιστήμονες χορηγούσαν ψευδοφάρμακο.
στο τέλος της μελέτης, οι επιστήμονες ανακάλυψαν ότι στις πρώτες η βιταμίνη D βρισκόταν σε πολύ καλά επίπεδα, τόσο σε σύγκριση με εκείνες που λάμβαναν ψευδοφάρμακο, όσο και με τους εαυτούς τους πριν την έναρξη της μελέτης.
ωστόσο, αυτό που τους έκανε εντύπωση ήταν το γεγονός ότι παρουσίαζαν και μικρή αλλά πολύ ουσιαστική μείωση στη χοληστερόλη LDL, η οποία ήταν αρκετή για να προστατεύσει την υγεία της καρδιάς τους.
τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης δημοσιεύονται στην επιθεώρηση Menopause, ενώ οι επιστήμονες αναφέρουν ότι θα πρέπει να ακολουθήσουν περισσότερες έρευνες για το θέμα, με μεγαλύτερο αριθμό συμμετεχόντων.
κι αυτό γιατί σύμφωνα με τον δρ Peter F. Schnatz, οι μεταβολές στα επίπεδα της «κακής» χοληστερόλης είναι σημαντικές, όμως ίσως όχι αυτές που είναι απαραίτητες για να προλάβουν την εμφάνιση καρδιακής ανεπάρκειας.
[http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/781343/i-bitamini-d-meionei-ti-xolisteroli]

τροφές με βιταμίνη D: οι 7 καλύτερες φυσικές πηγές για τη διατροφή σας
προκειμένου να λαμβάνετε μεγαλύτερη ποσότητα βιταμίνης D από τη διατροφή σας, προσπαθήστε από σήμερα κιόλας να προσθέσετε τις παρακάτω φυσικές πηγές στα γεύματά σας.
{2012-10-22},
ίσως γνωρίζετε ότι το σώμα μας παράγει βιταμίνη D όταν εκτίθεται στο φως του ήλιου. Αυτό που μάλλον δεν γνωρίζετε είναι πως υπάρχουν και άλλοι τρόποι για να λάβουμε αυτή τη σημαντική θρεπτική ουσία.
ωστόσο, υπάρχουν λίγες τροφές που περιέχουν με φυσικό τρόπο αυτό το θρεπτικό συστατικό, γι’ αυτό και μόλις μόνο το 20% της βιταμίνης D προέρχεται από τη διατροφή μας.
το μεγαλύτερο μέρος βιταμίνης D που προσλαμβάνουμε από τα φαγητά που τρώμε, προέρχεται από τις λεγόμενες εμπλουτισμένες με αυτήν τροφές, όπως ο χυμός από πορτοκάλι, το γάλα και τα δημητριακά.
η βιταμίνη D αυξάνει την απορρόφηση ασβεστίου, γι’ αυτό και οι προαναφερθείσες εμπλουτισμένες τροφές παρέχουν μία ισχυρή δόση και από τα δύο αυτά συστατικά. Επίσης βοηθά στη διατήρηση ενός υγιούς δέρματος και μπορεί ακόμη και να καταπολεμήσει την κατάθλιψη.
μερικοί άνθρωποι επιλέγουν να λαμβάνουν συμπληρώματα βιταμίνης D για να φτάσουν την απαραίτητη ημερήσια ποσότητα που συνιστάται για ενήλικες (600 IU’s). (το να λαμβάνετε ακόμη και 4.000 IU’s τη μέρα είναι ασφαλές και μπορεί να σας εξασφαλίσει ακόμη μεγαλύτερα οφέλη).
όμως, καθώς η ημέρα μικραίνει, γίνεται όλο και πιο δύσκολο να περνάμε χρόνο κάτω από τον ήλιο και επιπλέον, είναι και ολοένα πιο επικίνδυνο χωρίς κάποια αντηλιακή προστασία. Προκειμένου λοιπόν να λαμβάνετε μεγαλύτερη ποσότητα βιταμίνης D από τη διατροφή σας, προσπαθήστε από σήμερα κιόλας να προσθέσετε τις παρακάτω φυσικές πηγές στα γεύματά σας, όπως προτείνονται από την ηuffingtonpost.
1. σολομός
πληθώρα θαλασσινών επιλογών περιέχουν σημαντικές ποσότητες βιταμίνης D και ο σολομός βρίσκεται στην κορυφή της λίστας. Ακόμη και μία κονσέρβα σολομού 85 περίπου γραμμαρίων περιέχει σχεδόν 650 IU’s, ποσότητα αρκετά μεγαλύτερη από αυτήν που χρειαζόμαστε ημερησίως. 85 γραμμάρια φρέσκου σολομού έχουν περίπου 450 IU’s.
2. τόνος σε κονσέρβα
85 γραμμάρια τόνου σε κονσέρβα με νερό, περιέχουν 154 IU’s, σχεδόν το ένα τρίτο της συνιστώμενης ημερήσιας πρόσληψης. Ο τόνος που συντηρείται σε λάδι περιέχει ακόμη περισσότερη βιταμίνη D, όμως να θυμάστε ότι το λάδι σημαίνει περισσότερο λίπος.
3. σαρδέλες
μία άλλη επιλογή σε κονσέρβα είναι οι σαρδέλες. Δύο από τα μικρά αυτά ψαράκια περιέχουν 46 IU’s, περίπου το 13% της συνιστώμενης ημερήσιας ποσότητας.
4. κρόκοι αυγών
ένας μεγάλος κρόκος αυγού περιέχει 37 IU’s βιταμίνης D. τα αυγά αποτελούν επίσης μία σημαντική πηγή πρωτεΐνης και ενώ περιέχουν διαιτητική χοληστερόλη, δεν έχουν συνδεθεί με αυξημένο κίνδυνο καρδιακών προβλημάτων, οπότε απολαύστε τα άφοβα.
5. τυρί
ένα κομμάτι ελβετικού τυριού περιέχει 6 IU’s, είναι λιγότερο επεξεργασμένο και περιέχει λιγότερο νάτριο από ένα τυρί, όπως το αμερικανικό για παράδειγμα. ένα φλιτζάνι τυρί ricotta έχει 25 IU’s, ωστόσο θα σας προτείναμε μία μικρότερη ποσότητα καθότι έχει υψηλή περιεκτικότητα σε λιπαρά.
6. βοδινό συκώτι
85 γραμμάρια βοδινού συκωτιού περιέχουν 42 IU’s βιταμίνης D και ενώ ίσως να μην είναι και η πρώτη σας επιλογή, σας ενημερώνουμε πως αποτελεί και μία πολύ καλή πηγή σιδήρου.
7. μανιτάρια
ορισμένοι μύκητες, όταν εκτίθενται σε περισσότερο από το συνηθισμένο ηλιακό φως ή σε εσωτερικό υπεριώδες φως, μπορεί να περιέχουν ευεργετικά επίπεδα βιταμίνης D. δεδομένου ότι τα περισσότερα μανιτάρια καλλιεργούνται στο σκοτάδι, αναζητήστε σε καταστήματα κοντά στο σπίτι σας εκείνα που καλλιεργούνται στο φως.
[http://www.clickatlife.gr/diatrofi/story/11746]

Top 10 Foods Highest in Vitamin D:

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin required by the body for the proper absorption of calcium, bone development, control of cell growth, neuromuscular functioning, proper immune functioning, and alleviation of inflammation. A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to rickets, a disease in which bones fail to properly develop. Further, inadequate levels of vitamin D can lead to a weakened immune system, increased cancer risk, poor hair growth, and osteomalacia, a condition of weakened muscles and bones. Conversely, excess vitamin D can cause the body to absorb too much calcium, leading to increased risk of heart attack and kidney stones. The current U.S. DV for vitamin D is 600 IU (international units) and the toxicity threshold for vitamin D is thought to be 10,000 to 40,000 IU/day.2 Vitamin D is oil soluble, which means you need to eat fat to absorb it. It is naturally found mainly in fish oils, fatty fish, and to a lesser extent in beef liver, cheese, egg yolks, and certain mushrooms. Vitamin D is also naturally made by your body when you expose your skin to the sun, and thus, is called the sun-shine vitamin. In addition, vitamin D is widely added to many foods such as milk and orange juice, and can also simply be consumed as a supplement. Below is a list of high vitamin D foods.

⧺1: Cod Liver Oil
Cod liver oil has been a popular supplement for many years and naturally contains very high levels of vitamin A and vitamin D. Cod liver oil provides 10001IU (1667% DV) per 100 gram serving, or 1360IU (340% DV) in a single tablespoon.

⧺2: Fish
Various types of fish are high in vitamin D. Typically raw fish contains more vitamin D than cooked, and fatty cuts will contain more than lean cuts. Further, fish canned in oil will have more vitamin D than those canned in water. Raw fish is typically eaten in the form of sushi. Raw Atlantic Herring provides the most vitamin D with 1628IU (271% DV) per 100 gram serving, 2996IU (499% DV) per fillet, and 456IU (76% DV) per ounce. It is followed by Pickled Herring with 680IU (113% DV) per 100g serving, Canned Salmon (127% DV), Raw Mackerel (60% DV), Oil Packed Sardines (45% DV), Canned Mackerel (42% DV), and oil packed Tuna (39% DV).

⧺3: Fortified Cereals
A breakfast staple in the Americas, most commercial cereals are fortified with the essential vitamins and nutrients. Exercise caution and check food labels when purchasing cereals, be sure to pick products that have little or no refined sugars, and no partially hydrogenated oils! Fortified cereals can provide up to 342IU (57% DV) per 100 gram serving (~2 cups), and even more if combined with fortified dairy products or fortified soy milk. Products vary widely so be sure to check the nutrition label before buying.

⧺4: Oysters
In addition to vitamin D, Oysters are a great source of vitamin b12, zinc, iron, manganese, selenium, and copper. Oysters are also high in cholesterol and should be eaten in moderation by people at risk of heart disease or stroke. Raw wild caught Eastern Oysters provide 320IU (80% DV) per 100 gram serving, 269IU (67% DV) in six medium oysters.

⧺5: Caviar (Black and Red)
Caviar is a common ingredient in sushi and more affordable than people think. Caviar provides 232IU (58% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, or 37.1IU (9% DV) per teaspoon.

⧺6: Fortified Soy Products (Tofu and Soy Milk)
Fortified soy products are often fortified with both vitamin D and calcium. Fortified Tofu can provide up to 157IU (39% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, or 44IU (11% DV) per ounce. Fortified Soy Milk can provide up to 49IU (12% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, 119IU (30% DV) per cup. Amounts of vitamin D vary widely between products, so be sure to check nutrition facts for vitamin D content.

⧺7: Salami, Ham, and Sausages
Salami, Ham, and Sausages are a good source of vitamin b12, and copper. Unfortunately, they are also high in cholesterol and sodium, and so should be limited by people at risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. Salami provides 62.0IU (16% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, or 16.7IU (4% DV) per ounce (3 slices). It is followed by Bologna Pork 56IU (9% DV) per 100 grams, and Bratwurst 44IU (7% DV) per 100 gram serving.

⧺8: Fortified Dairy Products
Dairy products are already high in calcium, so it makes sense to fortify them with vitamin D. Milk can provide up to 52.0IU (13% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, 127IU (32% DV) per cup. Cheese can provide up to 6.6IU (2% DV) in a cubic inch, and butter provides 7.8IU (2% DV) in a single tablespoon. Check nutrition labels for exact amounts.

⧺9: Eggs
In addition to vitamin D, eggs are a good source of vitamin B12, and protein. Eggs provide 37.0IU (9% DV) of vitamin D per 100 gram serving, or 17.0IU (4% DV) in a large fried egg.

⧺10: Mushrooms
More than just a high vitamin D food, mushrooms also provide Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) and copper. Lightly cooked white button mushrooms provide the most vitamin D with 27.0IU (7% DV) per 100 gram serving, or 7.6IU (2% DV) per ounce.
[http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/high-vitamin-D-foods.php⧺6ug58ic2rX68qerk.99]

vitamin.E

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.E,

description::
αναγνωριστηκε ως σημαντικο θρεπτικο συστατικο το 1922,
* εγινε ευρυτατα γνωστη ως διεγερτης της σεξουαλικης και αναπαραγωγικης λειτουργίας. Δεν υπαρχουν οστόσο επιστημονικες μελέτες,
===
που βρισκεται:
* περιεχεται σε πληρες σιταρι, ηλιοσπορους, λάδι, φιστικια,
* υπαρχει αφθονη στα φυτικα ελαια, τα πρασινα λαχανικα, τα δημητριακα και τα καρυδια.,
αποτρεπει η περιοριζει τη διαδικασία της οξειδωσης της λεγομενης "κακης" χοληστερίνης- πρώτο βημα για τη δημιουργια της αθηρωματικης πλακας στα τοιχωματα των αρτηριών,
*ελατωσε μεχρι και 40% καρδιακα.
[τηλεοραση, 20 μαιο 1993]

vitamin.fat-soluble

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.fat-soluble,

description::
οι λιποδιαλυτές βιταμίνες είναι τέσσερις, οι D, ε, κ και α.
[http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DSGL-A105/321/2155,7805/]

vitamin.WATER-SOLUBLE

name::
* McsEngl.vitamin.water-soluble,

food.carbohydrate

name::
* McsEngl.food.213-carbohydrate,
* McsEngl.food.carbohydrate-213,
* McsEngl.carbohydrate-food-213,

description::
"Carbohydrates include cereals and other starchy grains, bread, pasta, pastries, potatoes, and sweet and savoury snacks."
[{2020-04-25} https://medium.com/@mariacross/why-eat-less-move-more-doesnt-work-for-weight-loss-cf0ab90f48b3]

food.carbohydrate.low

name::
* McsEngl.food.214-carbohydrate.low,
* McsEngl.food.carbohydrate.low-214,
* McsEngl.diet.carbohydrate.low-214,

description::
"What constitutes a low-carbohydrate diet? There is no official definition, but less than 50g/day is generally accepted as low carbohdyrate. Less than 30g/day is considered a very low carbohydrate diet.
...
A low carbohydrate diet works because it reduces insulin secretion and stimulates the release of fat from storage."
[{2020-04-25} http://localhost/dWstSgm/dirMcs/dirHlth/McsHlth000013.last.html#idFoodHmnatt007]

disease (link) of organHeart

atrium of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'atrium,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att002-atrium,
* McsEngl.atrium-of-organHeart,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.κόλπος-καρδιάς!=atrium,

description::
"The atrium (Latin ātrium, “entry hall”) is the upper chamber through which blood enters the ventricles of the heart. There are two atria in the human heart – the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary (lung) circulation, and the right atrium receives blood from the venae cavae (venous circulation). The atria receive blood while relaxed (diastole), then contract (systole) to move blood to the ventricles. All animals with a closed circulatory system have at least one atrium. Humans have two atria.
The atrium was formerly called the "auricle"; that term is still used to describe this chamber in some other animals, such as the Mollusca."
[{2020-05-16} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart)]

ventricle of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'ventricle,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att003-ventricle,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.κοιλία-καρδιάς!=ventricle,

description::
"A ventricle is one of two large chambers toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the pump.
In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
The term "interventricular" means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while "intraventricular" means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block)."
[{2020-05-16} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)]

pericardium of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'pericardium,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att004-pericardium,
* McsEngl.pericardium-of-organHeart,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.περικάρδιο!=pericardium,

description::
analytic: - εξωτερικά περιβάλλεται από έναν προστατευτικό υμένα, το περικάρδιο.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 55⧺cptRsc29⧺]

whole-tree-of-pericardium::
* organHeart,
* McsEngl.pericardium//organHeart,

wall of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'wall,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att029-wall,

description::
"The heart wall is made up of three layers: the inner endocardium, middle myocardium and outer epicardium. These are surrounded by a double-membraned sac called the pericardium."
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

left-heart of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'left-heart,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att010-left-heart,
* McsEngl.left-heart,

description::
"Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart."
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

right-heart of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'right-heart,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att011-right-heart,
* McsEngl.right-heart,

description::
"Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart."
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

valve of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'valve,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att017-valve,

description::
"The heart has four valves, which separate its chambers. One valve lies between each atrium and ventricle, and one valve rests at the exit of each ventricle.[7]"
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

artery of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'artery,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att012-artery,
* McsEngl.coronary-artery,

description::
"The coronary arteries are the blood vessels (arteries) of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body. [1]
The coronary arteries wrap around the entire heart. The two main branches are the left coronary artery (LCA) and right coronary artery (RCA). The arteries can additionally be categorized based on the area of the heart they provide circulation for. These categories are called epicardial (above the epicardium, or the outermost tissue of the heart) and microvascular (close to the endocardium, or the innermost tissue of the heart).[2]
Reduced function of the coronary arteries can lead to decreased flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Not only does this affect supply to the heart muscle itself, but it also can affect the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Therefore, any disorder or disease of the coronary arteries can have a serious impact on health, possibly leading to angina, a heart attack, and even death. [3]"
[{2020-05-22} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_arteries]
===
* aorta,
* pulmonary trunk and right and left pulmonary arteries,
* right coronary artery,
* left main coronary artery,

vein of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'vein,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att013-vein,

description::
* Superior vena cava,
* inferior vena cava,
* right and left pulmonary veins,
* great cardiac vein,
* middle cardiac vein,
* small cardiac vein,
* anterior cardiac veins,

nerve of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'nerve,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att014-nerve,

description::
* accelerans-nerve,
* vagus-nerve,

cell of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'cell,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att030-cell,

description::
"There are two types of cells within the heart: the cardiomyocytes and the cardiac pacemaker cells. Cardiomyocytes make up the atria (the chambers in which blood enters the heart) and the ventricles (the chambers where blood is collected and pumped out of the heart). These cells must be able to shorten and lengthen their fibers and the fibers must be flexible enough to stretch. These functions are critical to the proper form during the beating of the heart.[4]
Cardiac pacemaker cells carry the impulses that are responsible for the beating of the heart. They are distributed throughout the heart and are responsible for several functions. First, they are responsible for being able to spontaneously generate and send out electrical impulses. They also must be able to receive and respond to electrical impulses from the brain. Lastly, they must be able to transfer electrical impulses from cell to cell.[5]
All of these cells are connected by cellular bridges. Porous junctions called intercalated discs form junctions between the cells. They permit sodium, potassium and calcium to easily diffuse from cell to cell. This makes it easier for depolarization and repolarization in the myocardium. Because of these junctions and bridges the heart muscle is able to act as a single coordinated unit.[6][7]
Cardiomyocytes are about 100μm long and 10-25μm in diameter.[8][9]"
[{2020-05-18} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle_cell]

output of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'output,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att032-output,
* McsEngl.CO-cardiac-output,
* McsEngl.cardiac-output,

description::
"Cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output denoted by the symbols Q, or Qc(Q with dot),[2] is a term used in cardiac physiology that describes the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat; thus, CO = HR × SV.[3] Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min. For a healthy person weighing 70 kg, the cardiac output at rest averages about 5 L/min; assuming a heart rate of 70 beats/min, the stroke volume would be approximately 70 ml.
Because cardiac output is related to the quantity of blood delivered to various parts of the body, it is an important component of how efficiently the heart can meet the body's demands for the maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion. Body tissues require continuous oxygen delivery which requires the sustained transport of oxygen to the tissues by the systemic circulation of oxygenated blood at an adequate pressure from the left ventricle of the heart via the aorta and arteries. Oxygen delivery (DO2 mls/min) is the resultant of blood flow (cardiac output CO) times the blood oxygen content (CaO2). Mathematically this is calculated as follows: Oxygen delivery = cardiac output × arterial oxygen content DO2 = CO × CaO2.[4] With a resting cardiac output of 5-litre min−1 a 'normal' oxygen delivery is around 997.5 ml min. The amount/percentage of the circulated oxygen consumed (VO2) per minute through metabolism varies depending on the activity level but at rest is circa 25% of the DO2. Physical exercise requires a higher than resting-level of oxygen consumption to support increased muscle activity. In the case of heart failure, actual CO may be insufficient to support even simple activities of daily living; nor can it increase sufficiently to meet the higher metabolic demands stemming from even moderate exercise.
Cardiac output is a global blood flow parameter of interest in hæmodynamics, the study of the flow of blood. The factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate also affect cardiac output."
[{2020-05-19} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output]

electrocardiogram of organHeart

McsHitp-creation:: {2013-12-30},

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'electrocardiogram,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att019-electrocardiogram,
* McsEngl.ECG-electrocardiogram,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.ΗΚΓ-ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφημμα,
* McsElln.ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφημμα,

description::
το ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφημα είναι μία απλή, γρήγορη, ανώδυνη, φτηνή εξέταση με αρκετά καλή ειδικότητα και ευαισθησία.
στην πραγματικότητα καταγράφει την ηλεκτρική δραστηριότητα των μυών της παλλόμενης καρδιάς αποδίδοντας μέσω του ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφου σε ειδικό χαρτί ή ψηφιακή οθόνη, που ο οριζόντιος άξονας αντιστοιχεί σε χρόνο και ο κάθετος στο ηλεκτρικό δυναμικό, χαρακτηριστικά γραφήματα που ονομάζονται επάρματα.
ο Willem Einthoven ήταν αυτός που ανακάλυψε τις αρχές καταγραφής και ερμηνείας του ηκγ από το 1893 κερδίζοντας το νομπέλ ιατρικής το 1924.[1]
η ονομασία του προέρχεται από την ελληνική γλώσσα προδίδοντας τις αρχές της λειτουργίας του. ήλεκτρο=ηλεκτρική δραστηριότητα της καρδίας, καρδιο=καρδιά γράφος=καταγραφή.
με το ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφημα(ΗΚΓ) μπορούμε να διαπιστώσουμε οξείες (πχ. οξύ έμφραγμα του μυοκαρδίου) αλλά και χρόνιες (κολπική μαρμαρυγή, καρδιακές αρρυθμίες) διαταραχές που μπορούν να αφορούν τον καρδιακό ρυθμό αλλά και την αρχιτεκτονική της καρδιάς.
το ΗΚΓ μπορεί όχι μόνο να διαπιστώσει το έμφραγμα, αλλά και την θέση εντόπισης του προβλήματος, η οποία διακρίνει το έμφραγμα σε: πρόσθιο εκτεταμένο, κατώτερο, προσθιοπλάγιο και πρόσθιο διαφραγματικό.
στην ίδια αρχή της ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφικής καταγραφής στηρίζονται και άλλες εξετάσεις της καρδίας όπως το Holter ρυθμού και το τεστ κοπώσεως με διαφορετικές όμως ενδείξεις ως προς την διενέργεια τους.
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ηλεκτροκαρδιογράφημμα]

sound of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'sound,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att009-sound,
* McsEngl.sound-of-organHeart,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.καρδιακός-ήχος,

description::
οι ήχοι που παράγονται από τη φυσιολογική καρδιά και εξετάζονται από την ακρόαση είναι οι καρδιακοί τόνοι. Αυτό που ακούει εύκολα κανείς, τικ-τακ, τικ-τακ, είναι οι καρδιακοί τόνοι, βραχείς, ευκρινείς ήχοι με ποικίλουσα ένταση, χροιά και ποιότητα και ονομάζονται: πρώτος και δεύτερος.
[Εικ, 1994, 74⧺cptRsc33⧺]

shape of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'shape,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att015-shape,

description::
"The heart is cone-shaped, with its base positioned upwards and tapering down to the apex."
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

size of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'size,
* McsEngl.organHeart'att016-size,

description::
"An adult heart has a mass of 250–350 grams (9–12 oz).[16]
The heart is often described as the size of a fist: 12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness,[7] although this description is disputed, as the heart is likely to be slightly larger.[17]
Well-trained athletes can have much larger hearts due to the effects of exercise on the heart muscle, similar to the response of skeletal muscle.[7]"
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

structure of organHeart

structure::
* αρτηρίες,
* βαλβιδες,
* κοιλιες,
* κολποι,
* μυοκάρδιο,
* περικάρδιο,
* φλέβες,

η καρδιά είναι ένα μυωδες όργανο σε
- σχήμα κώνου και σε
- μεγεθος όσο η γροθιά ενός άνδρα.
- βρισκεται ανάμεσα στους πνεύμονες και πλησιέστερα στον αριστερό πνεύμονα.
- εξωτερικά περιβάλλεται από έναν προστατευτικό υμένα, το περικάρδιο.
- το μυοκάρδιο είναι όλη καρδιά εκτός από το περικάρδιο.
- δύο διαφραγματα, το ένα κατακόρυφο και το άλλο οριζόντιο, χωρίζουν την καρδιά σε 4 χώρους.
- οι δύο ανώτεροι χώροι είναι οι κόλποι
- και οι δύο κατώτεροι οι κοιλίες.
επικοινωνία γίνεται μόνο ανάμεσα στον κόλπο και την κοιλία που βρίσκεται από την ίδια μεριά του κατακόρυφου διαφράγματος. Ετσι επικοινωνεί ο δεξιός κόλπος με τη δεξιά κοιλία μέσω ενός στομίου και ο αριστερός κόλπος με την αριστερή κοιλία.
- το δεξιό κολποκοιλίακό στόμιο μπορεί να κλείνει με μία βαλβίδα, την τριγλωχινη,
- όπως και το αριστερό με τη διγλωχινη ή μιτροειδή.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 55⧺cptRsc29⧺]

DOING of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.organHeart'doing,

description::
·

evoluting of organHeart

name::
* McsEngl.evoluting-of-organHeart,
* McsEngl.organHeart'evoluting,

description::
"The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development. A properly sized and functional heart is vital throughout the entire lifespan. "
[{2020-05-10} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_signaling_pathway]

{1967}::
=== first transplantation:
"The first successful heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. This marked an important milestone in cardiac surgery, capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large. However, long-term survival rates of patients were initially very low. Louis Washkansky, the first recipient of a donated heart, died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks.[90] The American surgeon Norman Shumway has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques, along with pioneers Richard Lower, Vladimir Demikhov and Adrian Kantrowitz. As of March 2000, more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide.[91]"
[{2020-05-17} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart]

blood-pressure of organVessel

disease of organVessel

disease::
* vessel-disease,

protection of organVessel

_σουσαμι:
το σουσάμι ασπίδα για την καρδιά
Αθήνα {2014-03-04},
όταν τρώτε ένα κουλούρι θεσσαλονίκης ή ένα τραγανό παστέλι γνωρίζετε ότι κάνετε πολύ καλό στην καρδιά σας; σύμφωνα με νεότερα ερευνητικά δεδομένα, το σουσάμι που περιέχεται στα εν λόγω προϊόντα και όχι μόνο, είναι ευεργετικό για την καλή υγεία της καρδιάς μας.

ιδιαιτέρως δε το λάδι του, γνωστό ως σησαμέλαιο.

το γεγονός αυτό οφείλεται στο ότι στο σουσάμι και στα προϊόντα του περιέχεται μία ιδιαίτερη κατηγορία συστατικών, οι λιγνάνες, που βελτιώνουν την υγεία των αγγείων μας, ρίχνουν την πίεση και μειώνουν τη χοληστερίνη.

βάλτε λοιπόν το σουσάμι στη διατροφή σας.

ένα σουσαμένιο κουλούρι το πρωί ή ένα παστέλι, λίγο σουσάμι στη σαλάτα σας μπορεί να σάς βοηθήσει να έχετε μία πιο γερή καρδιά και πιο καθαρά αγγεία.

πηγή: neadiatrofis.gr
[http://www.nooz.gr/woman/to-sousami-aspida-gia-tin-kardia]

organVessel.SPECIFIC

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.specific,

specific-tree-of-::
organVessel.alphabetically:
* artery,
* capillary-vessel,
* lymph-vessel,
* set-of-vessels,
* vein,
===
* artery,
* λεμφαγγεία,
* τριχοειδη-αγγεία,
* φλέβες,

specific-tree-of-::specifics-division.content:
* αιμοφόρα αγγεία,
* λεμφαγγεία,

organVessel.blood

McsHitp-creation:: {2015-07-09},

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.blood!⇒vesselBlood,
* McsEngl.organVessel.001-blood!⇒vesselBlood,
* McsEngl.bloodHmn-vessel!⇒vesselBlood,
* McsEngl.vesselBlood,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αιμοφόρο-αγγείο!=vesselBlood,

organVessel.artery

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.artery!⇒vesselArtery,
* McsEngl.organVessel.002-artery!⇒vesselArtery,
* McsEngl.artery!⇒vesselArtery,
* McsEngl.vesselArtery,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αρτηρία!=vesselArtery,

description::
analytic: αρτηρίες είναι τα αγγεία που απομακρύνουν το αίμα από την καρδιά.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 57⧺cptRsc29⧺]

organVessel.capillary

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.capillary!⇒vesselCapillary,
* McsEngl.capillary-vessel!⇒vesselCapillary,
* McsEngl.hair-like-vessel!⇒vesselCapillary,
* McsEngl.vesselCapillary,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.τριχοειδές-αγγείο!=vesselCapillary,

description::
analytic: τα τριχοειδή είναι σωληνάρια τόσο λεπτά, ώστε να περνα ένα μόνο ερυθρό κύτταρο κάθε φορά.

organVessel.lymph

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.lymph!⇒vesselLymph,
* McsEngl.lymph-vessel!⇒vesselLymph,
* McsEngl.vesselLymph,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.λεμφαγγείο!=vesselLymph,

description::
λεμφαγγεία είναι τα αγγεία του λεμφοφόρου συνόλου.

organVessel.system

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.system!⇒vesselSystem,
* McsEngl.organVessel.005-system!⇒vesselSystem,
* McsEngl.vesselSystem,
* McsEngl.vessel-system!⇒vesselSystem,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.αγγειακό-σύστημα!=vesselSystem,

description::
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel]
===
analytic: το αγγειακό-σύνολο είναι το μέρος του καρδιαγγειακού συστήματος που αποτελείται μόνο από τα σωληνες.
[hmnSngo, {1995-02}]
===
το κυκλοφοριακό σύστημα είναι ένα δίκτυο αγγείων (σωλήνων), το οποίο διακλαδίζεται σε όλα τα όργανα και τους ιστους του σώματος και έχει σαν αποστόλή την μεταφορά του αίματος.
[Εικ, 1994, 17⧺cptRsc33⧺]

organVessel.lymph-system

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.lymph-system!⇒vesselSysLymph,
* McsEngl.organVessel.006-lymph-system!⇒vesselSysLymph,
* McsEngl.lymph-vessel-system!⇒vesselSysLymph,
* McsEngl.vesselSysLymph,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.λεμφοφορο-σύνολο-αγγείων!=vesselSysLymph,
* McsElln.λεμφοφορο-σύστημα-αγγείων!=vesselSysLymph,

description::
analytic: το λεμφοφορο-σύνολο-αγγείων είναι το μέρος του αγγειακού-συνόλου που μεταφέρει τη λεμφο.
===
το λεμφορόρο σύστημα αποτελεί προσαρτημα στο φλεβικο σκελους του 'αιμοφόρου συστήματος', μέσα στο οποίο η λέμφος κυκλοφορεί μόνο προς μία κατεύθυνση, δηλ. Από τους ιστους προς το φλεβικό σύστημα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 383⧺cptRsc31⧺]

whole-tree-of-vesselSysLymph::
* circulatory-system,
* McsEngl.vesselSysLymph//sysCirculatory,
vessel set⧺cptBdyHmn006⧺,

organVessel.vein

name::
* McsEngl.organVessel.vein!⇒vesselVein,
* McsEngl.organVessel.007-vein!⇒vesselVein,
* McsEngl.vein!⇒vesselVein,
* McsEngl.vesselVein,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.φλέβα!=vesselVein,

description::
analytic: φλέβες είναι τα αγγεία που επαναφέρουν το αίμα στην καρδιά.
===
VEIN: one of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from capillaries toward the heart.
[FRANKLIN, LM-6000]

ischemia of coronary-circulation

name::
* McsEngl.coronary-circulation'ischemia,
* McsEngl.cardiac-ischemia,
* McsEngl.coronary-ischemia,
* McsEngl.disease.coronary-ischemia,
* McsEngl.disease.258-coronary-ischemia,
* McsEngl.myocardial-ischemia,

description::
"Coronary ischemia, or myocardial ischemia,[1] or cardiac ischemia,[2] is a medical term for not having enough blood through the coronary arteries.[3] Coronary ischemia is linked to heart disease as well as heart attacks."
[{2020-05-24} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_ischemia]

systemic-circulation (link) of sysCirculatory

pulmonary-circulation (link) of sysCirculatory

sysLymphatic of sysCirculatory

description::
· return lymph to blood stream, aid immune responses, form white blood cells.

name::
* McsEngl.sysCirculatory'sysLymphatic!⇒sysLymphatic,
* McsEngl.sysLymphatic,
* McsEngl.sysOrgans.014-lymphatic!⇒sysLymphatic,
* McsEngl.sysOrgans.lymphatic-014!⇒sysLymphatic,
* McsEngl.sysOgnLymphatic!⇒sysLymphatic,
* McsEngl.lymphatic-sys!⇒sysLymphatic,

descriptionLong::
"The lymphatic system is the system of vessels, cells, and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood. The swelling of lymph nodes during an infection and the transport of lymphocytes via the lymphatic vessels are but two examples of the many connections between these critical organ systems."

structure of sysCirculatory

structure::
* organHeart,
===
* blood,
* αγγειακό-σύνολο,
* organHeart,
* λέμφος,

είναι ένα κλειστό κυκλωμα που περιλαμβάνει εκτός από την αντλια (καρδιά) και τους σωληνες (αγγεία) που εξασφαλίζει τη συνεχή ροή αίματος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 57⧺cptRsc29⧺]

η καρδιά μαζί με ένα πλήθος-αγγείων των αιμοφόρων, αποτελούν ένα σύστημα, χάρη στο οποίο μεταφέρονται τα συστατικά του αίματος σε όλα τα κύτταρα του σώματός μας και οι άχρηστες ουσίες στα κατάλληλα όργανα για να αποβληθούν.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 48⧺cptRsc29⧺]

DOING of sysCirculatory

doing::
* απομακρύνει άχρηστα προϊόντα μεταβολισμου κυττάρων,
* μεταφέρει οξυγόνο στα κύτταρα,
* μεταφέρει ορμόνες,
* ρυθμίζει τη θερμοκρασία,
* συντελει στην αμυνα του οργανισμού,

το σύστημα εξασφαλίζει συνεχη ροη αίματος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 57⧺cptRsc29⧺]

το καρδιαγειακό σύστημα είναι ένα δίκτυο που η λειτουργία του εξυπηρετεί δύο σκοπούς.
- ο ένας είναι η απελευθέρωση οξυγόνου και θρεπτικών συστατικών σε όλα τα όργανα του σώματος και
- ο άλλος η απομάκρυνση των άχρηστων προϊόντων του μεταβολισμού (των καύσεων) από τους ιστούς.
[Εικ, 1994, 13⧺cptRsc33⧺]

ακόμη το κυκλοφορικό σύστημα επιτελεί μία σειρά από άλλες λειτουργίες, όπως μεταφορά ορμονών, άμυνα του οργανισμού, ρύθμιση θερμοκρασίας. Κτλ.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 356⧺cptRsc31⧺]

disease (link) of sysIntegumentary

organ.sense-skin.011

descriptionShort::
"Human skin is the largest organ of the human body, covering the entire external surface. It is composed of three main layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue.
[{2023-04-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha]

name::
* McsEngl.organSkin,
* McsEngl.organ.011-skin!⇒organSkin,
* McsEngl.organ.skin-011!⇒organSkin,
* McsEngl.human-skin!⇒organSkin, {2012-08-13},
* McsEngl.skin.human!⇒organSkin, {2012-08-13},
* McsEngl.skin!⇒organSkin,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.δέρμα-ανθρώπου!=organSkin, {2012-08-13},

description::
* skin,
* hair,
* exocrine-gland,
* fat,
* nail,
===
"human skin
Human skin is the largest organ of the human body, covering the entire external surface. It is composed of three main layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of dead skin cells that form a protective barrier against the external environment. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains various structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer and is composed of fat cells and connective tissue that help to insulate the body and protect internal organs.
The skin serves several important functions, including protection from physical, chemical, and biological damage, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. It also plays a role in social communication through facial expressions and skin coloration. Skin color is determined by the amount and distribution of melanin pigment in the skin, which is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes."
[{2023-04-22 retrieved} https://chat.openai.com/?model=text-davinci-002-render-sha]
===
analytic: το δέρμα περιβάλει όλα τα οργανικά-συστήματα που αποτελούν το ανθρώπινο σώμα.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 239⧺cptRsc31⧺]
===
το μεγαλύτερο σε έκταση όργανο του ανθρωπίνου σώματος είναι το δέρμα, που καλύπτοντας όλη την εξωτερική επιφάνεια του σώματος αποτελεί το όριο μεταξύ του εξωτερικού και του εσωτερικού περιβάλλοντος.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 287⧺cptRsc31⧺]
===
SKIN: the outer limiting layer of an animal body;
also: the usually thin tough tissue of which this is made.
[Franklin language master]

generic-tree-of-organSkin::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organSkin:organ,

disease (link) of sysEndocrine

organ of sysEndocrine

name::
* McsEngl.sysEndocrine'organ,

specific::
* pituitary-gland,
* pineal-gland,
* thyroid-gland,
* parathyroid-glands,
* adrenal-glands,
* pancreas,
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, ovaries, testes,

disease (link) of sysRespiratory

organ of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.sysRespiratory'organ,

specific::

* nose,
* nasal-cavity,
* pharynx,
* larynx,
* trachea,
* bronchi,
* lungs,
* diaphragm,
human nose, human mouth, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and thoracic diaphragm.

organNose of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.organNose,
* McsEngl.organ.010-nose,
* McsEngl.organ.nose-010,
* McsEngl.nose,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.μύτη!=organNose,
* McsElln.ρινα!=organNose,

description::
analytic: η μύτη είναι το πρώτο αεραγωγό όργανο του αναπνευστικού-συστήματος.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-organNose::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organNose:organ,

organThroat of sysRespiratory

description::

· organThroat I call the-organPharynx and organLarynx.

name::
* McsEngl.organThroat,
* McsEngl.organ.032-throat!⇒organThroat,
* McsEngl.organ.throat-032!⇒organThroat,
* McsEngl.throat!⇒organThroat,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.όργανο.λαιμός!=organThroat,
* McsElln.λαιμός!=organThroat,

descriptionLong::
In vertebrate anatomy, the throat (Latin gula) is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink.

The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals.

It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces.[1]

The jugulum is the lower part of the throat, just above the breast.[2] The term is reflected in the external and internal jugular vein, which pass through this region.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat]
===
analytic: λαιμο ονομάζω το όργανο του αναπνευστικού-συστήματος μετά τη μύτη.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]
===
synthetic: λαιμο ονομάζω τον λαρυγγα και τον φάρυγγα.

organTrachea of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.organ.025-trachea!⇒organTrachea,
* McsEngl.organTrachea,
* McsEngl.organ.trachea-025!⇒organTrachea,
* McsEngl.trachea!⇒organTrachea,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.όργανο.τραχεία!=organTrachea,
* McsElln.τραχεία!=organTrachea,

description::

analytic: η τραχεία είναι όργανο του αναπνευστικού-συστήματος μετά το organThroat.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-organTrachea::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organTrachea:organ,

whole-tree-of-organTrachea::
* sysRespiratory,
* McsEngl.organTrachea//,

organLung of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.organ.lung!⇒organLung,
* McsEngl.organLung,
* McsEngl.organ.005-lung!⇒organLung,
* McsEngl.lung!⇒organLung,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.όργανο.πνεύμονας!=organLung,
* McsElln.πνεύμονας!=organLung,

description::
analytic: πνεύμονας είναι όργανο του αναπνευστικού-συστήματος στο οποίο εισέρχονται οι βρόγχοι.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]
===
η καρδιά και οι πνεύμονες είναι από τα σπουδαιότερα όργανα του ανθρώπου.

generic-tree-of-organLung::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organLung:organ,

whole-tree-of-organLung::
* sysRespiratory,
* McsEngl.organLung//sysRespiratory,

organBronchus of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.cptBdyHmn294-bronchus,
* McsEngl.bronchus!~bronchi,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.βρόγχος,

description::
analytic: βρόγχοι είναι τα όργανα του αναπνευστικού-συστήματος, μετά την τραχεία που εισχωρούν στουν πνεύμονες.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]

organDiaphragm of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.organMuscle.diaphragm!⇒muscleDiaphragm,
* McsEngl.organMuscle.022-diaphragm!⇒muscleDiaphragm,
* McsEngl.diaphragm!⇒muscleDiaphragm,
* McsEngl.muscleDiaphragm,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.διάφραγμα!=muscleDiaphragm,

description::
analytic: το διάφραγμα είναι μυς-θωρακος και είναι η βάση της θωρακικής κοιλότητας.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]
===
οι πνεύμονες βρίσκονται μέσα στη θωρακική κοιλότητα, που τη βάση της αποτελεί το διάφραγμα, το οποίο τη χωρίζει από την κοιλιακή κοιλότητα. Το διάφραγμα είναι ένας αναπνευστικός μυς. Οι άλλοι αναπνευστικοί μύες βρίσκονται στις πλευρές.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 74⧺cptRsc29⧺]

generic-tree-of-muscleDiaphragm::
* organMuscle,
* McsEngl.muscleDiaphragm:organMuscle,
* muscleSkeletal,
* muscleTorso,
πρόσθιας επιφάνειας μυς κορμού⧺cptBdyHmn476⧺
* muscleThorax,

whole-tree-of-muscleDiaphragm::
* sysRespiratory,
* McsEngl.muscleDiaphragm//sysRespiratory,

vocal-tract of sysRespiratory

description::
"The vocal tract is the cavity in human beings and in animals where the sound produced at the sound source (larynx in mammals; syrinx in birds) is filtered.
In birds it consists of the trachea, the syrinx, the oral cavity, the upper part of the esophagus, and the beak. In mammals it consists of the laryngeal cavity, the pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.
The estimated average length of the vocal tract in adult male humans is 16.9 cm and 14.1 cm in adult females.[1]"
[{2020-08-26} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_tract]

name::
* McsEngl.sysRespiratory'vocal-tract,
* McsEngl.vocal-tract,

structure of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.sysRespiratory'structure,

structure::
* αναπνεομενος-αέρας,
* αεραγωγά-όργανα,
* μύτη,
* organThroat,
* τραχεία,
* βρόγχος,
* lung,
* διάγραγμα,

τα αναπνευστικά όργανα διακρίνονται στα αεραγωγα και στους πνεύμονες, που αποτελούν το κύριο όργανο της αναπνοής. Τα αεραγωγά είναι η μύτη, ο φάρυγγας, ο λάρυγγας, η τραχεία και η βραχεία.

οι πνεύμονες βρίσκονται μέσα στη θωρακική κοιλότητα, που τη βάση της αποτελεί το διάγραγμα, το οποίο τη χωρίζει από την κοιλιακή κοιλότητα. Το διάφραγμα είναι ένας αναπνευστικός μυς. Οι άλλοι αναπνευστικοί μύες βρίσκονται στις πλευρές.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 74⧺cptRsc29⧺]

ο όγκος του αέρα που εισπνέουμε ή που εκπνέουμε αβίαστα είναι περίπου 500 κυβ. Εκ. και αποτελεί τον αναπνευομενο αερα. Μονο τα 350 κυβ. Εκ. φτάνουν και γεμίζουν το χώρο των κυψελίδων, ενώ τα υπόλοιπα 150 κυβ. Εκ. βρίσκονται στα αεραγωγά όργανα που αποτελούν το νεκρο χωρο. Αν αυξήσουμε το νεκρό χώρο (αναπνοή με σωλήνες) είναι δυνατό να πεθάνει το άτομο επειδή ο κυψελιδικός αέρας (οξυγόνο) είναι ανεπαρκής (λιγότερος από 350 κυβ. Εκ.
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 76⧺cptRsc29⧺]

DOING of sysRespiratory

name::
* McsEngl.sysRespiratory'doing,

doing::
* αναπνοή,

disease (link) of sysDigestive

organ of sysDigestive

name::
* McsEngl.sysDigestive'organ,

specific::
* mouth,
** teeth,
** tongue,
* salivary-gland,
** parotid-gland,
** submandibular-gland,
** sublingual-gland,
* pharynx,
* esophagus,
* stomach,
* intestine,
** small-intestine,
*** duodenum,
*** jejunum,
*** ileum,
** large-intestine,
* liver-gland,
** gall-bladder,
* mesentery,
* pancreas-gland,
* anal-canal-and-anus,
human teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus,

organ.mouth-017

name::
* McsEngl.organ.017-mouth!⇒organMouth,
* McsEngl.organ.mouth-017!⇒organMouth,
* McsEngl.human-mouth!⇒organMouth, {2012-08-12},
* McsEngl.human-oral-cavity!⇒organMouth, {2012-08-12},
* McsEngl.mouth!⇒organMouth,
* McsEngl.mouth.human!⇒organMouth, {2012-08-12},
* McsEngl.oral-cavity.human!⇒organMouth, {2012-08-12},
* McsEngl.organMouth,
* McsEngl.mouthHmn!⇒organMouth, {2012-08-12},
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.zuǐbā-嘴巴!=organMouth,
* McsZhon.嘴巴-zuǐbā!=organMouth,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.όργανο.στόμα!=organMouth,
* McsElln.στόμα!=organMouth,
* McsElln.στοματική-κοιλότητα!=organMouth,

description::
analytic: το στόμα είναι όργανο του πεπτικού συστήματος.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]

generic-tree-of-organMouth::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organMouth:organ,

whole-tree-of-organMouth::
* sysDigestive,
* McsEngl.organMouth//sysDigestive,

organ.tongue-012

description::
analytic: η γλώσσα είναι ένα μυώδες όργανο, μέρος του στόματος που βοηθάει να τρώμε.
[hmnSngo, {1995-03}]
===
γλώσσα είναι ένα μυώδες όργανο που βοηθάει στην ανάμειξη των τροφών και την κατάποση του βλωμού (μπουκιάς).
[Αργύρης, {1994}, 34⧺cptRsc29⧺]

name::
* McsEngl.organTongue,
* McsEngl.organTongue!⇒organTongue,
* McsEngl.organ.012-tongue!⇒organTongue,
* McsEngl.organ.tongue-012!⇒organTongue,
* McsEngl.tongue.human!⇒organTongue,
* McsEngl.tongue!⇒organTongue,
====== langoSinago:
* McsSngo.gusto!=organTongue, {2008-03-07},
====== langoChinese:
* McsZhon.shétóu-舌头!=organTongue,
* McsZhon.舌头-shétóu!=organTongue,
====== langoGreek:
* McsElln.γλώσσα-ανθρώπινου-σώματος!=organTongue,

generic-tree-of-organTongue::
* organ,
* McsEngl.organTongue:organ,

whole-tree-of-organTongue::
* organMouth,
* McsEngl.organTongue//organMouth,